Ndende ndi osalimba asidi ndi sulfuric. The kudalira a osalimba a asidi ndende sulfuric mu batire la galimoto

Kuchepetsa ndipo ankaganiza asidi sulfuric - ndi mankhwala ofunikira kotero kuti iwo amapanga kwambiri mu dziko kuposa chinthu china chilichonse. chuma chuma dziko akhoza ayesedwa mu mawu asidi umatulutsa m'menemo sulfuric.

ndondomeko dissociation

chidulo cha safuriki ntchito mu mawonekedwe a njira amadzimadzi woipa zosiyanasiyana. Iye amaloŵamo dissociation anachita mu masiteji awiri, wobala H ⁺ ayoni ali mu njira.

H _{2 4} = H ^{+ +} HSO ₄ ^-;

HSO ₄ ^- = H ^{+ +} CHONCHO ₄ ^-2.

chidulo cha safuriki ndi amphamvu, ndipo gawo loyamba la dissociation amapezeka mofulumira kwambiri moti pafupifupi onse molekyulu choyambirira kuphwanya mu H ⁺ -ions ndi HSO ₄ ^-1 -ions (sulphate wa hydrogen) mu njira. Recent pang'ono apasuke zina, kumasuka H ⁺ ayoni zina ndi kusiya sulphate ion (CHONCHO ₄ ^-2) mu njira. Komabe, hydrogensulfate, kukhala asidi chofooka, komabe chimapambana mu njira ya H ⁺ Ndipo kotero ₄ ^-2. Complete dissociation yekha kumachitika pamene kachulukidwe wa sulfuric asidi njira ili pafupi osalimba a madzi, r Mukhoza. F pansi dilution mkulu.

Katundu asidi sulfuric

Ndi wapadera m'lingaliro kuti akhoza kuchita monga asidi ochiritsira kapena oxidizer amphamvu - malinga kutentha ndi ndende. A ozizira kuchepetsa njira ya asidi sulfuric amachitira ndi zitsulo yogwira kupereka mchere (sulfate) ndi zamoyo mpweya wa hydrogen. Mwachitsanzo, anachita pakati ozizira kuchepetsa H _{2 4} (poganiza tsatane zonse ake dissociation) ndi zachitsulo nthaka motere:

Zn + H _{2 4} = ZnSO ₄ + H _2.

The otentha kuikapo maganizo chidulo cha safuriki, amene kachulukidwe ndi za 1.8 g / masentimita ^3, akhoza kuchita monga oxidant kuti, yatikhudza ndi zipangizo kuti zambiri inert ku zidulo, monga mwachitsanzo mkuwa zachitsulo. Pa zimene, mkuwa ndi oxidized, ndi misa asidi yafupika yothetsera aumbike mwa sulphate mkuwa (II) mu madzi ndi gaseous woipa sulfure (CHONCHO ₂₎ m'malo a hayidirojeni, amene ayenera mwa kuchita asidi ndi zitsulo ndi.

Cu + 2H _{2 4} = CuSO ₄ + CHONCHO ₂ + 2H ₂ O.

Pamene ambiri anasonyeza mwa ndende njira

Kwenikweni, anthu ambiri njira iliyonse tingasonyezere m'njira zosiyanasiyana, koma ndende Ambiri ntchito ndi kulemera. Izo zikusonyeza chiwerengero cha magalamu a solute mu thupi ena kapena buku wa njira kapena zosungunulira (amangoona 1000 ga, 1000 masentimita ^3, 100 masentimita ³ 1 DM ^3). M'malo misa mu magalamu a zinthu angathe kutenga kuchuluka, m'kukoma timadontho-timadontho, - ndiye analandira ndende molar cha 1000 ga kapena 1 DM ³ njira.

Ngati ndende molar anatsimikiza ubale osati ndi kuchuluka kwa njira, koma zosungunulira, iwo amatchedwa molality wa njira. Iwo amakhala ndi ufulu wa kutentha.

Nthawi zambiri kulemera ndende mmene magalamu pa magalamu 100 zosungunulira. Yochulutsa chithunzi ichi ndi 100%, kudakonzedweratu pa peresenti kulemera (pa ndende). Ndiko kuti, njira iyi kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito ngati ntchito kwa sulfuric asidi njira.

Aliyense kufunika kwa njira ndende, anatsimikiza pa kutentha anapatsidwa, izo limafanana ndi osalimba kwenikweni (mwachitsanzo, osalimba a sulfuric asidi njira). Choncho, nthawi zina amakhala njira. Mwachitsanzo, H _{2 4} njira, yodziwika kuchuluka ndende 95,72%, ndi osalimba a 1,835 g / masentimita ³ pa T = 20 ° C. Kodi kudziwa ambiri chotero njira, ngati kupatsidwa yekha sulfuric asidi kachulukidwe? Table kupereka makalata amenewa ndi fixture a buku lililonse zasayansi ambiri kapena mawunikidwe.

CHITSANZO ndende recalculation

Tiyeni tipite ku mode wina wa mawu kuti ndende ina njira. Tiyerekeze kuti tili H _{2 4} njira mu madzi ndi 60% ambiri chidwi. Ife woyamba chimatanthauza osalimba a asidi lolingana sulfuric. Table munali chiwerengero (ndime yoyamba) ndi osalimba chogwirizana wa amadzimadzi njira ya H _{2 4} (wachinayi ndime), ali pansipa.

Izo zimatengera mtengo wolakalakika umene uli wofanana 1,4987 g / masentimita ^3. Ife tsopano kuwerengera molarity wa njira. Pakuti ichi m'pofunika kudziwa Unyinji wa H _{2 4} mu 1 lita imodzi ya yankho ndi chiwerengero lolingana wa timadontho-timadontho a acid.

Volume, amene zatenga 100 ga njira katundu:

100 / 1,4987 = 66,7 ml.

Kuyambira mu 66,7 ml ya 60% njira munali 60 ga asidi mu 1 lita imodzi ya izo muli:

(60 / 66.7) X 1000 = 899, 55 g.

sulfuric asidi molar kulemera wofanana 98. Choncho, chiwerengero cha timadontho-timadontho ali 899,55 ga magalamu ake, adzakhala:

899.55 / 98 = 9.18 Mole.

The kudalira a osalimba a asidi ndende sulfuric zikusonyezedwa mkuyu. pansipa.

The ntchito asidi sulfuric

Izo ntchito m'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana. Mu ulimi wa chitsulo ndi zitsulo ntchito kukonza zitsulo pamwamba musanagulitse yokutidwa ndi chinthu china nawo chilengedwe cha utoto kupanga komanso zina zidulo monga hydrochloric ndi nitric. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu kupanga mankhwala mankhwala, feteleza ndi mabomba, ndipo adakali reagent zofunika kuchotsa zoipa zonse pa mafuta makampani kuyenga.

mankhwala lipindulitsa kwambiri tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo ali zopezeka monga sulfuric asidi njira ntchito mabatire kutsogolera-asidi (mwachitsanzo, amene ali mwa magalimoto). asidi amenewa zambiri ali ndende ya ku pafupifupi 30% 35% H _{2 4} ndi kulemera, ndi bwino - madzi.

Ntchito wambiri 30 H _2% CHONCHO ₄ adzakhala zoposa mokwanira zosowa zawo. Komabe, makampani ndi pamafunika ndende apamwamba kwambiri asidi sulfuric. Childs, pamene kupanga izo woyamba analandira mokwanira kuchepetsa ndi zakhudzana ndi inclusions organic. asidi loyesayesa analandira mbali ziwiri: woyamba, anali kusintha kwa 70%, ndiyeno - mu sitepe yachiwiri - liukitsidwa kuti 96-98%, ndilo chizindikiro kuchepetsa kupanga chuma yotheka.

The kachulukidwe ya chidulo sulfuric ndi mitundu yake

Ngakhale pafupifupi 99% asidi sulfuric angakhale mwachidule pa Reflux, koma Kutayika wotsatira wa CHONCHO ₃ pa kuwira mfundo kumachepetsa ndende kuti 98,3%. Ambiri, mitundu ndi index 98% wolimba yosungirako.

kalasi malonda zidulo zosiyanasiyana ndende zake chidwi ndi chomwe amusankha makhalidwe awo pa zimene otsika crystallization kutentha. Izi zachitika kuchepetsa imfa timibulu asidi sulfuric precipitate afotokoze ndi kusunga. The mitundu chachikulu ndi:

• Nsanja (nitrous) - 75%. Sulfuric asidi osalimba a m'kalasi ndi wofanana 1670 makilogalamu / mamita ^3. Pezani wake otchedwa. nitrous njira imene nitroso chifukwa ankachitira (ichi ndi H _{2 4,} koma ndi oxides kusungunuka asafe) mu yaikulu kuwombera pa calcined yaiwisi mpweya munali sulfure woipa CHONCHO _2, mu nsanja alimbane (choncho dzina mitundu). Chifukwa cha allocated acid ndi asafe oxides amene simudzathedwa mu ndondomeko, nabwera kuzungulira kupanga.
• Contact - 92,5-98,0%. Sulfuric asidi osalimba a 98% a m'kalasi ndi wofanana makilogalamu 1836,5 / mamita ^3. Komanso analandira kuchokera ku mipweya roaster munali CHONCHO _2, momwe ndondomeko ya limapangidwa anhydride woipa makutidwe ndi okosijeni kuti CHONCHO ₃ ndi kukhudzana ake (choncho dzina kalasi) ndi angapo zigawo za vanadium chothandizira chotafuna.
• Oleum - 104,5%. kachulukidwe wake ndi wofanana 1896,8 makilogalamu / mamita ^3. njira ya CHONCHO ₃ H _{2 4,} mmene chigawo choyamba lili 20%, ndi asidi - ndi 104,5%.
• Mkulu amasankha oleum - 114,6%. Ake kachulukidwe - 2002 makilogalamu / mamita ^3.
• Battery - 92-94%.

Kodi batire la galimoto

Machitidwe a mmodzi mwa zipangizo wotchuka kwambiri magetsi zachokera kwathunthu njira electrochemical zikuchitika mu kukhalapo kwa asidi amadzimadzi sulfuric.

Galimoto batire lili kuchepetsa sulfuric asidi electrolyte, ndi maelekitirodi zabwino ndi zoipa mu mawonekedwe a mbale zingapo. Zabwino mbale anapangidwa ndi mfundo pabuka-bulauni - wa kutsogolera woipa (PbO _2), ndi zoipa - mwa grayish "chinkhupule" kutsogolera (PB).

Popeza maelekitirodi anapangidwa kwa kutsogolera kapena zinthu leaded, mtundu wa batire mChipangano kutsogolera-asidi batire. Ake operability, T. E. The voteji linanena bungwe mwachindunji kumatsimikizika ndi zomwe pa nthawi ino kachulukidwe asidi sulfuric (makilogalamu / M3 kapena g / masentimita ^3), anadzazidwa mu batire monga electrolyte lapansi.

Kodi chimachitika ndi electrolyte pamene batire kukha,

The electrolyte batire kutsogolera-asidi ndi njira rechargeable asidi sulfuric mu madzi ndi mankhwala koyera otchezedwa ndi ndende ya chidwi 30% pa ulamuliro wathunthu. asidi Net ali osalimba a 1,835 g / masentimita ^3, electrolyte - za 1,300 g / masentimita ^3. Pamene batire la akatulutsidwa, izo electrochemical zochita zimachitika chifukwa mu chidulo sulfuric achoka electrolyte lapansi. ambiri njira zimatengera pafupifupi molingana ndi osalimba, choncho ayenera kuchepa chifukwa cha kuchepa electrolyte ndende.

Malingana ngati kumaliseche panopa umayenda mwa asidi batire chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupi maelekitirodi ake ndi electrolyte umakhala kuchepetsa. asidi mayamwidwe ku buku onse a electrolyte ndi mbale elekitirodi amathandiza mwamphamvu pafupifupi zonse zochita mankhwala ndipo, chotero, linanena bungwe voteji.

Pa chiyambi cha kumaliseche ndondomeko ya mayamwidwe wa electrolyte asidi mbale kumachitika mofulumira chifukwa sulphate chifukwa ndi pores koma yagoletsa mu nkhani yogwira maelekitirodi lapansi. Pamene sulphate amayamba ndi kudzaza pores wa maelekitirodi, ndi mayamwidwe inadzachitika pang'onopang'ono.

Theoretically n'zotheka kupitiriza kukwaniritsa bola asidi onse osati ntchito, ndipo electrolyte adzakhala wapangidwa ndi madzi woyera. Komabe, zochitika zimasonyeza kuti mlingo sayenera kupitiriza pambuyo electrolyte kachulukidwe amagwa 1,150 g / masentimita ^3.

Pamene kachulukidwe amachepetsa kuchokera 1,300 kuti 1.150, kutanthauza kuti sulphate kwambiri chinapangidwa pa zimene, ndipo mmenemo pores onse nkhani yogwira pa zipangizo, mwachitsanzo. E. Kuchokera njira kale anasankha pafupifupi asidi onse sulfuric. The kachulukidwe zimadalira ndende mofanana, ndi chimodzimodzi, osalimba a mtengo wa batire chimadalira. Mkuyu. pansipa zikusonyeza kudalira a batire electrolyte osalimba.

Kusintha osalimba a electrolyte, ndi njira yabwino adziwe batire kumaliseche boma, malinga ndi bwino ntchito.

Madigiri kumaliseche galimoto batire malingana electrolyte kachulukidwe

kachulukidwe ake ayenera anayeza iwiri iliyonse ndipo ayenera kusungidwa kuwerenga mbiri ntchito m'tsogolo.

The electrolyte kwambiri wandiweyani, asidi zambiri lili ndi zambiri batire wapatsidwa. Kachulukidwe 1,300-1,280 g / masentimita ³ amasonyeza ulamuliro wathunthu. Childs, izi mlingo batire kumaliseche zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi electrolyte kachulukidwe:

• 1,300-1,280 - kwathunthu mlandu:
• 1,280-1,200 - oposa theka kanthu;
• 1,200-1,150 - mlandu zosakwana hafu;
• 1.150 - pafupifupi kanthu.

Mu batire kwathunthu mlandu pamaso polumikiza kotunga ake magalimoto voteji wa mukachipinda ndi 2.5 kuti 2,7 V. Atangomva katundu chikugwirizana, ndi voteji msanga akutsikira za 2.1 V kwa mphindi zitatu kapena zinayi. Ichi ndi chifukwa mapangidwe wosanjikiza zonyalazo sulphate kutsogolera padziko mbale zoipa elekitirodi ndi pakati wosanjikiza kutsogolera ndi peroxide zitsulo mbale positive. Mtengo yomaliza ya voteji selo pambuyo Intaneti msewu wolumikiza pafupifupi 2,15-2,18 volts.

Pamene panopa umayamba kuyenda mwa batire pa Ora loyamba la ntchito, pali voteji dontho 2 V chifukwa kuchuluka kukana mkati selo chifukwa mapangidwe ndalama akuluakulu sulphate chomwe chimadzaza pores mbale ndi kusankha chidulo electrolyte. Atatsala pang'ono chiyambi cha otaya wa kachulukidwe panopa wa electrolyte ndi yayikulu ndi wofanana 1,300 g / masentimita ^3. Poyamba izo underpressure amapezeka mofulumira, koma kenako mukhale boma moyenera pakati kachulukidwe asidi pafupi mbale ndi zayamba electrolyte maelekitirodi buku kusankha anathandiza asidi kulowa zidutswa latsopano asidi ku chochuluka electrolyte lapansi. The kachulukidwe avareji electrolyte anapitiriza ndichepe likunena ubale zikusonyezedwa mkuyu. pamwambapa. Pambuyo koyamba dontho voteji amachepetsa pang'onopang'ono, mlingo wake wa kuchepetsa zimadalira katundu batire. Nthawi ndandanda kumaliseche ndondomeko zikusonyezedwa mkuyu. pansipa.

Control la dziko la electrolyte mu batire la

Kudziwa kachulukidwe hydrometer ntchito. Iwo wapangidwa ndi losindikizidwa galasi chubu ndi kutambasuka kumapeto m'munsi, wodzazidwa ndi mankhwala enaake kapena kuwombera, ndi sikelo lokhoza pa mapeto chapamwamba. lonse ili zaikidwa kuchokera 1,100 kuti 1,300 ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana wapakatikati, monga tikuonera mkuyu. pansipa. Ngati hydrometer aikidwa mu electrolyte, izo idzatitimira kuti akuya ena. Umu ndi mmene aithamangitse buku ena a electrolyte, ndipo pamene udindo mgwirizano kukufika, kulemera buku osamukira adzakhala chabe wofanana ndi kulemera hydrometer. Popeza osalimba a electrolyte ndi wofanana chiŵerengero cha ake kulemera kwa buku, ndi kulemera kwa hydrometer umadziwika, aliyense mlingo wa kumizidwa mu njira limafanana ina kachulukidwe ake. Ena hydrometers ndi mfundo za osalimba lonse, koma atchuka ndi "Kulipidwa Akachititsa", "theka manambala", "Full kumaliseche" ndi zina zotero.