Ogula anthu - ndichiyani?

Kodi ogula anthu? Iwo ndi zisudzo waukulu chuma cooperatives ulimi. Company lisanalengedwe pa maziko kwawo. Ndi cholinga kuteteza ufulu ndi zofuna za chuma anthu ake - eni mabizinezi ang'onoang'ono ndi minda.

Zikamera wa ogula mabungwe

Woyamba ogula anthu anaonekera Britain m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Choyamba bungwe wolemera olimbikitsa cholinga. Koma m'kupita lingaliro anali losandulizika, ndipo iye anaima pa mutu wa antchito okha kapena mwa alimi amene anapezeka ambuye wa mphero, masitolo ndi Mikate Yapamwamba.

Antchito analenga ogula anthu kuti kusintha mlingo wa miyoyo yawo. Mkati bungwe, mamembala ake akhoza kugula mtengo mankhwala ndi wabwino. Co-operatives anakhala ndi Bank anthu. Iwo adapereka ngongole osowa. Ngati ogula anthu akhale olemera, nawonso anakhala ma sheya hoda olemera. Phindu la bungwe tiona kuonjezera likulu ovomerezeka, zomwe kubweretsa ndalama kwa anthu ake onse.

Bwino mgwirizano

cooperatives British za m'ma XIX anapanga angapo mfundo zofunika chibadidwe m'madera ano ogula umene otchulidwa pansipa. Iwo yodziwika ndi zopereka otsika gawo, owerengeka magawo aliyense mu bungwe, kuyanjana kwa eni onse a magawo komanso chimodzimodzi mitengo ndondomeko.

Bwino gululi kwachititsa chakuti 1860 ndi cooperatives anayamba agwirizane okhaokha. mabungwe awa akukhala wamphamvu ndi otchuka kwambiri lonse chuma European. Pa mapeto a XIX m'ma mu World Old kunali kale anthu mamiliyoni awiri amandimvera. Mayiko ogula anthu anatenga mabizinezi awo malamulo malinga ndi Socialist International. Izi zikuphatikizapo maola asanu ndi atatu ntchito tsiku, free chithandizo maphunziro, komanso mawerengedwe a penshoni ya kuvomerezedwa antchito. Ogwira ntchito ndi osawuka mokondwera massively limodzi ndi gulu latsopano, kuyembekezera thandizo lawo zoteteza apantchito.

Woyamba ogula anthu ku Russia

Pa nthawi yomweyo, Russia waphunzira mmene ogula anthu. Reviews dongosolo anali zinawukhira kuti chilengedwe zoweta ulimi. Kumapeto kwa Russian m'mudzi XIX m'ma pa mavuto, ngakhale chiyembekezo chakuti posachedwapa serfdom. Wamba anapitiriza kukhala umphawi. Chifukwa imeneyi inali mlingo mkulu kubadwa mu mabanja ndi kuchulukana, dziko umwini kugawikana, zokolola otsika, kupanda akavalo ndi ng'ombe.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, mu 1900 anapanga gulu la ulova, chiwerengero cha amene analipo anthu okwana pafupifupi 23. Ndipo anthu awa a anthu ntchito. Limodzi ndi iyi boma bajeti kukula, womwe unali pa mapewa a anthu wamba kale osauka.

Zinali ndiye ulimi ulimi koma alimi amandimvera. Alimi kuphunzira za bwino co-ntchito mu West, anayamba kudzimvera anzake mu nyumba yomweyi kuteteza zofuna zake mu msika zoweta.

Ogula mabungwe ulimi

The watsopano misa gulu la ntchito ndi malonda anasonyeza kuti yabwino Amaya, chifukwa m'mudzimo akufuna mapindu omwe akupereka ogwira ntchito yaikulu, ndipo sasiya kugwirizana ndi ulimi ang'ono-ang'ono awo. Union of Kugula Societies amapereka anthu ake ndi mwayi.

Pamaso m'mudzi panali dongosolo zoterozo cooperatives, alimi ulimi akudwala katapira, ndi nambala yaikulu intermediaries zosafunika. Pamene yophukira amabwera, sitima zoweta sitingakhale atanyamula katundu onse opangidwa mu mzinda. Chifukwa cha ichi, anthu ayesa "overstock" pasadakhale, kupanga nyengo mkate mitengo kuti chinatsika.

Pang'onopang'ono wamba chuma mu Russia kutaya zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo inasanduka kupanga malonda. Pa nkhani imeneyi, chuma m'banja Zinkafunikiradi njira yatsopano ya gulu la malonda gawo la ulimi. Akutulukira ogula anthu kukhala mapiritsi kwambiri yaitali, adzakhala kuthetsa alimi nkhawa zosafunika ndi wobwereketsayo. Lisanaperekedwe, mkate inu musanafike kwa kauntala, anatenga manja angapo a intermediaries. Mu dongosolo amenewa nzika okha kulipira ndalama za bongo ndi speculators.

Kale chiyambi cha m'ma XX, Russia wakhala mtsogoleri dziko chiwerengero cha mabungwe amenewa ndi chiwerengero cha mamembala awo. Linali bwino chuma, izo anali kulumpha weniweni. Madzulo a 1917 m'dziko ntchito pafupifupi zikwi 50 cooperatives. Aliyense ogula si phindu anthu ena pafupifupi liribe zambiri kuposa ophunzira 50. Okwana anthu mpaka 14 miliyoni ankagwira gululi chuma, ndi 80% ya chiwerengero kuti anali anthu wamba. Bungwe la ogula anthu m'mudzi nakhalanso ndi mphamvu makamaka pambuyo 1905 zisinthe. Pa nthawi yomweyo anathandiza kusintha Stolypin, kupyolera mwa amene wamba mosavuta kusiya ammudzi. Iwo anazitenga ndipo anatumizidwa ku Siberia kumene anadikira dziko untilled. M'dera limeneli, makamaka osauka m'dera ogula anthu.

Cooperation mu USSR

Independent mukupanga kusuntha mu Russia linathetsedwa pambuyo October kuukira boma ndi za Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira. The Socialists ankatsogoleredwa ndi mfundo ya "zonse ndi ena." Pa mfundo yomweyo kuti anasonyeza mgwirizano amchigawo wa ogula gulu, nthawi zambiri si n'komwe.

Zotsatira zake zinali zomvetsa chisoni. Alimi ataya osati chida cha mgwirizano pakati pa iwo, koma posakhalitsa zonse anatsala popanda dziko. M'mudzimo anali m'magalimoto minda losonkhanitsidwa. Osafuna kumvera akuluakulu Soviet analengeza anakhomerera ndi pansi kupondereza. Ambiri ma sheya hoda wakale wa ogula magulu akuikidwa ukapolo ku Kazakhstan ndi madera ena akutali. State odzipereka ndiponso kuletsedwa khama pokambiranapo, amene anagwirizira cooperatives m'mbuyomu.

Ogula anthu mu mawonekedwe a kale a unatha. Komabe, ena mbali wawo unayamba kugwira minda payekha osauka ndi zamanja gulu-munda wowerengeka. Izi nkhungu wamanyazi mgwirizano wakale analola wamba kupulumuka, ngakhale kupotoza munakonza boma.

Ogula Society m'nyengo mochedwa Soviet

Pofika kumayambiriro 90s, pamene boma la Soviet Union linagwa, panali chabe alembedwa chimango okhwima ogula mgwirizano. Ndiye panali Union chapakati poyamba, ndiyeno Rospotrebsoyuz. mabungwe awa amene amalamulidwa ndi zoyambira za magulu atsopano ogula.

Mu 1990, 40% ya chiwerengero cha RSFSR anali ndi dongosolo. Mpheroyi m'mudzimo 30 miliyoni. Mu masiku a wosaperewera ndi chakudya queues lililonse dera ogula anthu wopanga ntchito zofunika chuma m'dziko lonselo. Cholowa cha dongosolo nkhani 25% ya malonda ritelo katundu, pafupifupi theka preforms mbatata kuti lachitatu masamba zogula ndi zina zotero D..

Mu Russia zamakono

Mu zaka 90, Russian ogula anthu kudutsa nthawi yovuta. Zinthu zinasintha pambuyo kusakhulupirika 1998, ndi depreciation wa ruble lapansi. Mosavuta niches zachuma kulola co-operatives kubwerera ku msika. Masiku ano, aliyense dera la Chitaganya cha Russia pali 20-25 mabungwe amenewa. Ambiri a iwo amakhala ndi katundu ulimi magulu. Pankhaniyi, pafupifupi onsewo ndi opindulitsa mosaganizira mtundu wa ntchito zachuma.

Pakuti ichi dera zofunika zachuma ya Tax Code. The "ziro" zaka zambiri, iye anali ndi kusinthidwa, kupindulira ogula gulu, adalowa Council ku Central la Chitaganya cha Russia. nyumba imeneyi ndi yaikulu Kutsata thupi chifukwa ambiri cooperatives.

Iwo Tsetrosoyuz Mzimuyo chiyembekezo cha gawo lake lonse zachuma. Chaka chilichonse, monga mbali ya congresses wake ndi misonkhano anachita mtsutso anthu mmene kusintha dongosolo la ogula mabungwe ulimi zoweta.

Makamaka masiku ano ogula mabungwe

Onse Russian ndi aliyense anthu padziko lonse ogula ndi dongosolo osapindulitsa. Ndiko kuti, bungwe kuchita ntchito entrepreneurial, koma pa yomweyo kupoletsa phindu chifukwa si chachikulu ndi liwulo ntchitoyo. chigwirizano amenewa analengedwa pa maziko yaufulu pofuna kuteteza zofuna za ma sheya hoda ake. The chida chachikulu cha ogula anthu ndi mwayi zake kufalitsidwa kwa ndalama zomwe analandira mamembala ake. Motero kudzera mwa zopereka ndi kugwira nawo moyo chuma cha ma sheya hoda gulu kutsimikiza mzake ndipo amakhala kutetezedwa ku zotsatira za kulephera malonda.

Pakali pano, ogula anthu ali kwambiri ndi wamba mawonekedwe a zaulimi amandimvera. Mkati Chili zosiyanasiyana ntchito ndi mbali. Choyamba, ili ndi dongosolo lapadera ubale umene uli ndi ndalama tonse ma sheya hoda. Chachiwiri, chuma zolowa amapezeka therebetween. Chachitatu, ogula anthu ndi malo aakulu zofunika chikhalidwe ndi chuma cha ma sheya hoda lapansi. Pa mfundo imeneyi, tikhoza kunena kuti masiku Russian amalonda wakumudzi zosavuta ndi otetezeka bizinesi zawo mgwirizano ndi anansi ake kuposa kumsika nokha kuona mavuto.

ntchito

Imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu za ogula anthu ndi kuteteza ufulu wa ogula. Nzika akhoza kuzigwiritsa ntchito mabungwe amenewa kuti akuthandizeni mu mawonekedwe a malangizo malamulo. Akatswiri akhoza kuchititsa kuunikidwa osadalira pa khalidwe la katundu zokayikitsa. Maloya yosanthula zikalata ndi mapangano a zogulitsa, monga iwo amaimira makasitomala awo kukhoti. Izi anawonetseredwa zofunika chikhalidwe cholinga wa magulu amenewa.

ntchito za bungwe amenewa nthawi hayala wa ogula anthu, womwe wapangidwa pamsonkhano wamkulu wa ogwirizira a magawo. chikalata ichi amasonyeza ntchito ndi ufulu wa mamembala a gulu. Kodi ma sheya hoda nawo ufulu ŵakwenera kugula ndi kugula katundu ndi ntchito kuti ndi amene amapereka gulu. Mamembala ake anathandiza mu khalidwe la minda wocheperapo, komanso malonda mankhwala awo. zikomo ogula anthu kuti zosiyanasiyana wake wamkulu wa phindu. Ambiri mwa ndalama zimenezi unagawidwa ma sheya hoda lapansi. The ndalama otsala ntchito pa chitukuko cha anthu yokha.

Boma zisakuyenda wachita zambiri kusintha kuchuluka ubale amandimvera. Mphamvu ya kuthandizapo, yomwe ndi yofunika zachuma unit wa ulimi zoweta. Lamulo zofunikira makampani akhala lamulo "Pa ogula mgwirizano". Company ukugwira ogula chitetezo pa maziko a chikalata china "Pa kutetezedwa kwa ufulu Ogula.

Malamulo chilungamo ndi momveka dongosolo mukupanga ntchito likhale nsanja yabwino kwa mgwirizano wa eni onse minda m'mudzi. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti malamulo a ofunda olembedwa maganizo boma kwa mabungwe awa. Ogula magulu ndi mabungwe - izo anati - ndi chinthu chofunika mu moyo m'dziko amacheza nawo.

Tsentrosoyuz

Mbali liwulo wa ogula mabungwe ndi demokalase awo. mabungwe amenewa amalamulidwa ndi msonkhano onse a ma sheya hoda, membala aliyense ali ndi ufulu kuvota. M'munsimu makwerero gulu thupi nthumwi, amene nthawi zambiri amachita bungwe lotsogozedwa ndi tcheyamaniyo. Komanso anthu ayenera kukhala kafukufuku ndi Control Commission, lomwe ndi udindo kuyan'ana kumbali ndi chikonzero cha zigamulo.

Monga tanena waukulu bungwe lolamulira la ntchito wogwirizana. lonse la Russia, ndi Union Central, Kugula Societies, kapena Tsentrosoyuz. Poyankha, iwo ukulamuliridwa ndi ziwalo Assembly. Amalandira oimira ogula magulu onse m'banja. Assembly adzakomana kamodzi pachaka, pamene mu Moscow kubwera kwa anthu ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana. Pamsonkhano takambirana mavuto panopa ndi chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha ogula anthu.