Polonium 210: theka-moyo. Kodi ntchito ya polonium 210?

Polonium-210 kulumikizana bwino kwambiri ndi cheza. Ndipo si pachabe, chifukwa ndi woopsa kwambiri.

History of anapeza

linakhalapo anali zinanenedweratu mu 1889 ndi Mendeleev pamene analenga wake wotchuka nthawi tebulo. Zochita chinthu ichi awerengedwa 84 wakhala analandira zaka zisanu ndi zinayi pambuyo khama Curies, anaphunzira chodabwitsa cheza. Maria Sklodowska-Curie anayesa kupeza chifukwa cheza amphamvu panamveka ena mchere, choncho anayamba kugwira ntchito ndi zitsanzo zochepa za miyala, kuwachitira zonse zilipo njira zake, nagawira mu tuzigawo twa ndi kutaya zosafunika. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye analandira mankhwala atsopano, amene wasanduka analogue a bismuth ndi lotseguka lachitatu pambuyo nyukiliya mchitidwe ureniamu ndi thorium.

Ngakhale zotsatira bwino kuyesera Mariya anali pachangu palibe kulankhula za anapeza wake. kusanthula kawalidwe, wochitidwa ndi mnzake Curies komanso sanapereke malo kulankhula za anapeza chinthu chatsopano. Komabe, lipoti ku msonkhano wa Paris Academy of Sciences mu July chaka cha 1898 banjali lipoti polandirira msonkho ankaimbidwa ndi zinthu naonetsere katundu wa zitsulo ndi akatswiri timachitcha icho polonium polemekeza Poland - dziko la kwawo kwa Mariya. Iyo inali nthawi yoyamba okha mbiri pamene panali kwambiri anatsindika item kale otchedwa. Chabwino, zinachitika poyamba yekha mu 1910.

thupi katundu ndi mankhwala

Polonium ndi ndi zofewa silvery woyera zitsulo. Iye ndi nyukiliya kuti glows mu mdima ndipo nthawi mkangano. Choncho limatsogolera ake akulozera pang'ono kuposa malata - madigiri 254 okha Celsius. Zitsulo mofulumira kwambiri oxidized mu mlengalenga. Pa otsika kutentha, ndipamene monatomic yosavuta latisi kiyubiki.

Ndi mankhwala katundu wa polonium ali pafupi kwambiri analogue ndi - tellurium. Komanso chikhalidwe cha mankhwala ake ali ndi phindu mpweya wambiri wa poizoni. Kotero kuti zochita yokhudza polonium kungakhale ndimasewera kwambiri ndi chidwi, ngakhale oopsa kwambiri mawu a thanzi labwino.

isotopes

Total sayansi panopa amadziwa 27 (malinga ndi zina - 33) ndipamene polonium. Palibe a iwo khola, ndipo iwo onse nyukiliya. Ambiri isotopes olemedwa (ndi manambala atomiki wa ku 210 kwa 218) mu pang'ono anapeza mu chikhalidwe, ena akhoza analandira kudzera yokumba.

Nyukiliya polonium-210 - kwambiri nthawi yaitali ankakhala mitundu achilengedwe. Iwo ali pang'ono Analandira mu ureniamu ores, ndi aumbike mwa ndondomeko anachita ndi kuyambira U-238 ndi kumatenga biliyoni 4.5 zaka, ngati ife kulankhula za theka moyo.

phwando

Mu matani 1 ureniamu miyala lili isotopes wa polonium-210 mu kuchuluka pafupifupi 100 micrograms. Iwo akhoza kukhala wolemekezeka mu processing mankhwala zinyalala, komatu kuti tilandire kwambiri kapena zochepa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mchitidwe akanati kusamalira yaikulu zakuthupi. A yosavuta komanso zothandiza kwambiri njira ndi kaphatikizidwe ndi walitsa wa bismuth zachilengedwe ndi neutrons mu riyakitala nyukiliya.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ngakhale patapita la odwala akamagwira polonium-210. Isotopes 208 ndi 209 akhoza analandira pamene bismuth kapena kutsogolera ndi irradiated ndi matabwa mofulumira ndi tinthu Alpha, mapulotoni kapena deuterons.

mpweya wa poizoni

Polonium-210, komanso isotopes ena, ndi alpha-emitters. Gulu ankawonjezereka komanso limatulutsa Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira. Ngakhale kuti isotope 210 ndiyekhayo wa particles Alpha, ndi ngozi ndithu, sikutheka manja anu ndi kuyandikira kwambiri kwa mtunda wa pafupi, kuyambira alikuwotha moto, izo zipita aerosol. woopsa kwambiri monga kulowa polonium kupuma kapena chakudya. Ndicho chifukwa chake ntchito ndi mankhwala umachitika mu mabokosi wapadera losindikizidwa. Ndi chidwi kuti chinthu ichi ndi theka zaka zapitazo wapezeka fodya masamba. nthawi ya kuvunda kwa polonium-210 poyerekeza ndi isotopes zina ndi opondapo, koma chifukwa akhoza kudziunjikira zomera, kenako zoipa kwambiri thanzi wosuta a. Komabe, kuyesa kuchotsa thunthu kwa fodya analephera.

kuopsa

Chifukwa polonium-210 limatulutsa Alpha particles yekha, kusunga kusamalitsa ena kuopa ntchito ndi zisamatero. M'litali njira ya mafunde awa ndi kawirikawiri kuposa masentimita khumi, pambali, kawirikawiri sangalowerere khungu.

Komabe, kamodzi m'thupi, iwo chifukwa mavuto aakulu. Pamene jekeseni magazi mwamsanga kufalikira kwa zimakhala onse - patapita mphindi pang'ono kukhalapo kwake Tingaone ziwalo zonse. Choyamba, ndi kukhalapo mu impso ndi chiwindi, koma ambiri ndi mosakondera wogawana, ndipo zimenezi zikutheka okwana lethality ake okwezeka.

Polonium kawopsedwe kwambiri kotero kuti ngakhale mlingo ang'onoang'ono chifukwa cha kutentha aakulu matenda, ndi imfa mwa miyezi 6-11. The njira zikuluzikulu za kuwonongedwa kwa thupi - kudzera impso ndi kapepala m'mimba. Pali kudalira njira kukhudzana. Hafu ya moyo wa masiku 30 mpaka 50.

Mwangozi poyizoni ndi polonium ndi zosatheka. Kuti mupeze okwanira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala liyenera kukhala ndi mwayi kwa riyakitala nyukiliya ndi enclose ndi isotope mwadala nsembe. Kuvuta matenda komanso amadziwika kuti milandu ndi ochepa mbiri. Wozunzidwayo woyamba akuti ndi mwana wa otulukira polonium - Irene Joliot-Curie, amene m'kupita kwa zofufuza anaswa kapisozi ndi chinthu zasayansi ndipo anamwalira zaka 10 pambuyo pake. Nthawi zina ziwiri zidzachitika m'nthawi XXI. The oyamba - nkhani zokopa Litvinenko, amene anamwalira mu 2006, ndipo chachiwiri - imfa ya Yasser Arafat, imene zinthu kuda wa isotope nyukiliya anapezeka. Komabe, matenda okhazikika sichinayambe anatsimikizira.

azingokhala

Chimodzi mwa nthawi yaitali isotopes, pamodzi ndi 208 ndi 209, ndi polonium-210. Hafu ya moyo (i.e. nthawi imene chiwerengero cha particles nyukiliya ndi halved) kwa woyamba awiri ankalemekeza 2.9 Nchito ndi zaka 102, ndipo pa masiku otsiriza 138 ndi maola 9. Koma isotopes zina, moyo wawo ndi kuchita masamu kwenikweni mphindi ndi maola.

Kuphatikiza katundu osiyanasiyana polonium-210, Kudzaupanga yabwino kwambiri ya mndandanda ntchito muzochitika zosiyanasiyana za moyo. Kukhala chipolopolo wapadera zitsulo, izo sangativulaze thanzi lanu, koma angathe kupatsa mphamvu zawo mokomera anthu. Chotero kodi ntchito polonium-210 lero?

ntchito masiku ano

Amanenera, za 95% ya ulimi wa polonium ali anaikira mu Russia, amene apanga m'chaka za magalamu 100 thunthu, ndipo pafupifupi onse a iwo zimagulitsidwa ku United States.

Pali mbali zingapo zimene polonium-210 ntchito. Koposa zonse, spacecraft izi. Ndi kukula kwake yaying'ono ndi yofunika monga gwero wabwino wa mphamvu ndi kutentha. Ngakhale kuti pafupifupi aliyense miyezi 5, nchito zake yafupika ndi theka, isotopes chimalemera kwambiri ngati mtengo kwambiri zopangira.

Komanso, polonium kwathunthu irreplaceable mu sayansi ya nyukiliya. Ambiri ntchito kuphunzira chikoka cheza Alpha ndi zinthu zina.

Pomaliza, munda zina mwa ntchito ndi kupanga zipangizo kuthetsa magetsi malo amodzi kwa makampani ndi ntchito kunyumba. Ndi zodabwitsa bwanji ngati chinthu choopsa akhoza kukhala pafupifupi kukhitchini, pokhala unazunguliridwa mu m'chimake olimba.