Roza Lyuksemburg: moyo ndi imfa ya chosintha ndi

Mwina ambiri munamvapo kapena kuwerenga kuti mu 2009 duwa wapadera unayambitsidwa mu Europe - anauka "Mfumukazi ya Luxembourg." Nkhani imeneyi anapima kuti patha zaka 18 wa Alexandra - Grand Duchy wa chifumu. Koma lero zimakhalira za izo. Anthu achikulire kumbukirani kuti malemu XIX ndi oyambirira XX atumwi inali German chosintha ndi otchuka zokwanira munthu amene anakhudza kwambiri mu mapangidwe kayendedwe chikominisi mu Europe. Dzinache akhali consonant ndi dzina la maluwa okongola - Roza Lyuksemburg. Zaka za moyo wa mkazi uyu anali kwathunthu wodzipereka kwa kulimbana ufulu wa anthu wamba. Ndi za iye, ndipo ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

banja Ayuda

Anabadwa Rose (dzina lenileni Rosalía) March 5, 1871 mu Ufumu wa Poland tawuni Zamosc, kunja kwa mzinda wa ufumu wa Russia. Iye anali mwana wachisanu m'banja la wamalonda Ayuda matabwa wamalonda Elias Luxembourg. Mtsikanayo anali wophunzira wabwino ndi maphunziro ulemu kwa mmodzi wa zolimbitsira thupi Warsaw a.

Mu banja logwirizana Ayuda ndinali kwambiri amakonda ana, makamaka rosettes wamng'ono, amene anali wolemala (dislocation a m'chiuno olowa). Mpaka zaka 10 mu thupi lake ndi kulisiya ndi chopweteka kwambiri ndondomeko, amangiriridwe iye pakama, nthawi zina kwa miyezi ingapo. Atakula, matenda anabwerera, koma anakhalabe limp. Kuti pang'ono kubisala chilema ichi, iye ankavala nsapato zapadera. Msungwana, ndithudi, nkhawa kwambiri za kupunduka, motero n'zosadabwitsa kuti pa malo iye akanakhoza kukhala angapo maofesi.

kuyambira pa msewu

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti Roza Lyuksemburg, amene yonena amadziwika kuti akhala makamaka kugwirizana ndi ntchito chosintha anayambanso kukhala ndi chidwi ndi ndale m'banda, ngakhale pamene akuphunzira. Titamaliza makolo sekondale m'zonse tidzitsimikizira ife anayesa ake ku chizolowezi ili m'malo oopsa ndipo ngakhale ganyu iye kwa nyimbo mphunzitsi wabwino. Iwo akadali ankaganiza kuti mtsikana kwambiri luso kuyiwala za luso ndi ndale koma Rose wakhala njira zingapo, amene amafuna kuzindikira zolinga zake zonse. Mwa anzake atsopano anali pa maziko ofanana, popeza palibe mmodzi wa iwo tcheru chirichonse kwa chilema kwake.

Kumapeto kwa 1880. Ambiri magulu oletsedwa chosintha ayamba kugonjetsa kusiyana maganizo kuti n'zogwirizana ndi kusankha njira. Mwa njira, anali kale momveka bwino kuti mantha sikungakhale koyenera, ndipo anakhalabe otentheka yekha. Mtokoma wa achinyamata zinkangokhala njira yovomerezeka kulimbana.

Roza Lyuksemburg anali bwalo chosintha mu nthawi imene nkhondo odana ndi zigawenga udali pakati mamembala ake, ndipo anagwirizana ndi amene anali mwamphamvu kuphana ndi kuimba mabodza ndi nsautso. Koma zigawenga mudakhala kuti azichita zinthu zawo popanda chilolezo, kuposa anapereka yekha dissident mamembala awo phwando m'manja mwa apolisi.

Ndi chifukwa cha ichi kale mu Rose 18 zaka anakakamizika kubisa ku chizunzo ndi akuluakulu chifukwa chotenga mbali mu gulu mobisa "wa proletariat ndi". Iye anali kusamuka ku Switzerland, kumene anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa yunivesite ya Zurich. Kumeneko, iye anaphunzira za malamulo, maphunziro ndi chuma ndale.

chikondi choyamba

zaka anakhala mu chete Switzerland, Roza Lyuksemburg (onani chithunzi. tibwereze) anakumbukira monga kwambiri m'moyo wake. Apa iye anamva bata ndi chikhulupiriro. Mu Zurich, anakumana ndi munthu wina Leo Iogihesom, amene yomweyo ankakonda ake. achichepere kawirikawiri chidwi Rose, koma chirichonse chimene icho chingakhale kanthu kapena wapanga - ubale wawo yafupika yekha kulankhula za ndondomeko ndi olowa laibulale ulendo. Choncho, iye amayenera kuyamba yokha ndi kulengeza chikondi chanu kwa iye.

Dziwani kuti pamaso Leo anali yoyamba anatsimikizira, ndi m'manja pokhapokha munthu moto kuzindikira Maluwa. Iye anali munthu amphamvu kwambiri, koma pang'onopang'ono anayamba kukwiyitsa munthu wofunitsitsa ntchito atsikana, anapatsidwa kuti ntchito ya Iogihesa sizinali zophweka. Choncho, mwachibadwa, kukhala mikangano pafupipafupi zimachitika okonda. Pomaliza, Roza Lyuksemburg ku yunivesite ya Zurich kwakukuru kumbuyo nkhani yolembedwa wake, mayendedwe a chitukuko m'mafakitale Poland. Zimene zinachitikazi kukwaniritsidwa ndi mikangano awo.

Iye anali wonyada kwambiri za kupambana, monga chinali wofunika kwambiri aphunzitsi odziwika bwino, ndipo zotsatira zolembedwa ndi ake m'magazini otchuka lokopa zokomera. Choncho, dzina lake anazindikira ku Ulaya. Koma Leo sanapite kumva chimwemwe kwa zomwe wa Rose, akudziŵa bwino kuti anali mchikakamizo cha mkazi wolimba kwambiri, ndipo izi zilili sankasangalala iye konse.

Poti loyamba

Atangochoka Roza Lyuksemburg pa kuyitana kwa Socialist Party wa Germany akavomera kutenga nawo mbali mu chisankho m'deralo monga agitator ndi. Mkazi chinkhoswe mu propaganda m'dera Upper Silesia, kumene ambiri Zitsulo. Motero, mofulumira kwambiri akhoza aziwakhulupirira wa Nazi ku Germany. Mu chilengedwe, bwenzi lake lapamtima limakhala chosintha Clara Zetkin. Iwo anayambitsanso Luxembourg ndi mwana wake, komanso wotchuka theoretician Karlom Kautskim. Komanso, apa mu Germany, mu 1901, ananyamuka kukakumana ndi Vladimir Lenin.

Pambuyo chiyambi cha zochitika kunachitika mu Russia mu 1905, iye akadzafika mu Warsaw ndi zochitika mu Zionetsero zochita antchito Polish. Patapita nthawi, ndi tsarist Apolisi kutsindikiza muzigwire ndi kumuyika iye mu ndende. Luxembourg unachitikira kumeneko kwa miyezi ingapo, pamene atamuopseza ntchito ya kalavulagaga kapena ngakhale kuphedwa. Komabe, chifukwa cha khama la abwenzi German 1907 iye anali m'ndende, ndipo pambuyo pake anapita ku Germany zabwino.

moyo

Kuti asamukire ku dziko chifukwa kukhazikikamo, Rosa anali nzika nkhani German. Njira yothandiza kuchita izi anali mapeto a ukwati ndi nzika za boma. Luxembourg anakhala Gustav Lübeck mwamuna ofunda. Mu chaka chomwecho, mkazi anayamba yaitali chikondi chalero ndi mwana wa bwenzi lake Clara Zetkin, Constantine. Zimenezi umboni za 600 zilembo zimene zasungidwa mpaka lero.

Constantine chidwi malankhulidwe yoyaka moto ya mbuye wake, kotero iye anakhala akuphunzitsa wake kuphunzira Marxism. Patapita zaka zisanu, banjali odukaduka. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, palibe zochitika zambiri chikondi sikuti kuyamba Roza Lyuksemburg. ana ake safuna kwambiri, chifukwa sanasiye kupanga bungwe gulu chosintha, ndipo iye, kuti ndikhale woonamtima, izo sizinali kwa iwo.

Activities pa World Choyamba

Madzulo a nkhondo, mu 1913, chifukwa cha mawu amene anthu ambiri amalimbikitsa usilikali mofulumira Germany, Luxembourg, anamangidwa kwa chaka chimodzi. Titachoka kundende, iye sanaleke mabodza ake odana ndi nkhondo. August 1, 1914, pamene Kaiser la Germany kulengeza nkhondo pa Russian Ufumu, Socialist kagulu kamene, ndiye membala wa nyumba yamalamulo German, anakuvoterani mokomera kutenga ngongole asilikali. Luxembourg anali chabe pafupi yekha ndi amenewa kupanda moyang'ana m'tsogolo ndiponso anzake ndi anzake atsopano yomweyo analenga magazini ndale "Internationale." Rose analibe nthawi kulemba nkhani yanga yoyamba pa magazini ino monga anamangidwanso ndipo m'ndende ku Berlin.

Mu February 1915, iye kamodzinso amapatsidwa malo m'ndende chifukwa cholankhula pa msonkhano womwe unachitikira ku Frankfurt am Main. Chaka chotsatira, iye anatulutsidwa koma patapita miyezi itatu anamangidwa kachiwiri. nthawi iyi, iye anapatsidwa pa nthawi yaitali - zaka ziwiri ndi theka. Pa nthawi imeneyo sanalinso wamng'ono, kupatula odwala ndi wosakondwa, koma kuganizira kuti dokotala kwambiri ndi ntchito, Rose analemba kwambiri, atakhala m'ndende.

Creation wa Party Communist la Germany

Pamene nkhondoyo itakwana, akaipeza ndi adherent odzipereka a yemweyo, monga iye anali, mu nkhope ya chosintha Karla Libknehta. Pamodzi, kulenga latsopano bungwe - "Spartacus League". Mu December 1918, iwo anali pamodzi anayambitsa wa German Communist Party.

Pa msonkhano woyamba wa gulu latsopano Roza Lyuksemburg unapita, amene ndithu sanagwirizane ndi Russian Bolsheviks kukhazikitsa chipani chimodzi chokha dziko la kupondereza kuti, mu maganizo ake, sankalimbana nafe akhumudwa pa ufulu demokalase komanso zinathandiza kuti yimitsira maphwando onse kutsutsidwa.

Ankhanza rink utasintha

Pamene mkazi kamodzinso m'ndende mu 1918, nthawi ili mu Germany ndi kale pachimake othamanga November utasintha. Control pa zinthu onse anali linasiiratu, ndi mantha wamagazi kwenikweni amatayika kumakwalala, onyamula nawo mkwiyo zonse zimene anapeza pa zaka za First World nkhondo.

Monga amadziwika, zisinthe aliyense ndi zoyipa kuti si kugawanitsa anthu pa chabwino ndi choipa, ndi amayikanikiza aliyense amene amabwera pansi rink ake wamagazi. Ndipo nkhani ya umboni Rosa Luxemburg a. Iye anakhala mmodzi mwa anthu monga comrades yawo yakale ku chipani, amene anafulumira msanga, titero, pa lokopa, lichotse zovuta ndi anzake anakhala kusagwirizana.

Imfa ya chosintha

15 January 1919 Luxembourg, pamodzi ndi mnzake wake Karlom Libknehtom anamangidwa n'kutengedwa ku hotelo "Edeni". Pakhomo la nyumba iye anakumana ndi khamu anapeka kwathunthu wa asilikali ndi alonda, amene anayamba kusamba mkazi kulumbira mawu. Ndiye iye chinaperekedwa ku mafunso, kunyozedwa kwambiri, kenako pansi pa malingaliro a malo m'ndende Moabit, zinachititsa kuti kuchoka kwa hotelo.

Pamene mkazi kutsogozedwa pamodzi kulowera, iye anali anaukira ndi m'modzi wa asilikali, nakantha kawiri m'mutu. Pamene iye anagwa, alonda ndinawanyamula ndi kubwera mu galimoto kumene anapitiriza kundimenya. Kupha wa Rosa Luxemburg anali mu galimoto, pa njira ndende pamene potsiriza lamulo kuti am'nyoze mkazi anawomberedwa oyang'anira ndende wake, ndipo thupi anaponyedwa madzi Landverskogo njira. Only miyezi ingapo, ndicho June 1, zotsalira iye anapezeka ndi ndaweza mmadzi. Chosintha m'manda patatha masiku 13 pa Berlin manda Friedrichsfelde.