Salt asidi

Ngati asidi imodzi kapena maatomu wa hydrogen onse chisiyana cation wina, monga mankhwala mankhwala otchedwa mchere. Chitsulo kapena gulu ammonium mu molekyulu ndi zonse ali ndi HIV makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma ndipo amatchedwa cations. Acid zotsalira amatchedwa anion. salt onse anapanga ndi zitsulo za Gulu Ia ku gome nthawi, ndi sungunuka. Pankhani salt anapanga IIa gulu zitsulo, solubility zawo zimasiyanasiyana.

Pali sing'anga, ngati onse molekyulu wa hydrogen mu chidulo polybasic ndi chisiyana cation wina, komanso salt asidi, ngati, kuwonjezera cations chitsulo kapena ammonium alipo wina wa hydrogen ndithu mlandu. Mwachitsanzo, salt zimaikidwa m'Baibulo:

- mankhwala enaake a sulphate MgSO4;

- zotayidwa sulphate Al2 (SO4) 3;

- ammonium mankwala (NH4) 3PO4;

- ndi sodium carbonate Na2CO3.

Dissociation salt sing'anga kumachitika pa cations zabwino zitsulo ndi anions zoipa asidi zotsalira. Akuti pafupifupi salt anachokera ku asidi ndipo mayina cation ake kupanga.

Acid salt anapanga ndi m'malo tsankho a haidrojini pa zitsulo kapena ammonium gulu. Motero, iwo amakhala ndi zitsulo, ndi wa hydrogen ndi zotsalira acid. mapangidwe awo n'chotheka kwa zidulo polybasic. Zitsanzo za mankhwala amenewa:

- carbonate ndi sodium wa hydrogen NaHCO3;

- sodium wochuluka dihydrogenphosphate NaH2PO4;

- sodium wochuluka hydrogenphosphate Na2HPO4;

- sulphate potaziyamu wa hydrogen KHSO4.

Mu mutu awo analipo manambala oyambirira "hydro" (ngati wina unsubstituted wa hydrogen cation) kapena "dihydro" (ngati pali awiri unsubstituted cations wa hydrogen).

Njira amadzimadzi salt asidi ndi dissociated kuti anions zoipa mu mawonekedwe a anions, komanso mitundu iwiri ya cations zabwino (ayoni zitsulo ndi wa hydrogen): NaHSO4 ↔ Na + + H + + SO4ˉ ˉ. Hydrolysis acidic salt anapanga ndi zidulo amphamvu, amadzimadzi sing'anga ali ndi pH a osachepera 7, choncho dzina salt izi. The hydrolysis salt asidi anachokera ku zidulo ofooka (mwachitsanzo, wa hydrogen), yankho ndale kapena zamchere, i.e. ndi pH a osachepera 7.

Ngati mchere pafupifupi akhoza analandira chifukwa cha mogwirizana wa zitsulo ndi asidi, ndi njira zina, ntchito yokonza salt asidi potengera zimene ndi owonjezera:

• ndi asidi polybasic ndi mchere pafupifupi. Choncho analandira ndi sodium hydrogensulfate: H2SO4 + Na2SO4 → 2NaHSO4, madzi sungunuka diammonium mankwala (NH4) 2HPO4: H3PO4 + 2NH3 → (NH4) 2HPO4 kapena kashiamu carbonate: CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O → Ca (HCO3) 2;

• ndi asidi polybasic ndi soda. Mwachitsanzo, zochokera chiphaso cha dihydrogen ndi barium anachita aone kuti pali: 2H3PO4 + Ba (o) 2 → Ba (H2PO4) 2 + 2H2O. Kulimbikitsa soda asidi salt, popeza zinthu za neutralization chosakwanira mukhoza kupeza mkulu mchere kachiwiri;

• acidic okusayidi soda kotero analandira kashiamu carbonate: 2CO2 + Ca (o) 2 → Ca (HCO3) 2.

Amadziwika kuti chimasanduka kulibeko mu mphepo, akukumana kumanja mu nthawi ndi nthawi Table Magulu IIa, ndi chimasanduka olimba analandira okha gulu Ia zinthu.

Salt chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana, koma ena malangizo onse a ntchito zawo si monga aliyense payekha. Kugwiritsa mtundu wa mchere zimadalira katundu wa mankhwala ndipo watsimikiza ndi kuthekera zachuma.

Choncho, mwachitsanzo, ammonium hydrogenphosphate (NH4) 2HPO4 ntchito ngati phosphorous-ammonium zovuta feteleza mu ulimi. Komanso, pawiri ichi ntchito kulimbana moto: chitetezo moto pokonza nyumba zosiyana. Komanso, (NH4) 2HPO4 ntchito monga zina mu ulimi wa sukulu ina ya ndudu.

Sodium hydrosulfite NaHSO3 ntchito oyeretsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi zithunzi.

Kashiamu bisulfite Ca (HSO3) 2 ndi lofunika zopangira kwa kupanga mapadi ku matabwa.

Bisulfites amene acidic salt asidi sulfurous, H2SO3, gawo la Epinephrine mankhwala, ndi ntchito zamoyo.

Hydrogensulfates KHSO4 ndi NaHSO4 ndi sodium potaziyamu ntchito ngati kamwazi omwe sanali akakhala zitsulo.

Sodium hydrogencarbonate NaHCO3 - mankhwala, ambiri amadziwika asidi Kuwonjezera salt. anatulutsidwa mu Sterlitamak (kampani "koloko") monga specifications ziri mu GOST 2156-76. Sodium bicarbonate ntchito mu chakudya, mankhwala ndi mankhwala mafakitale, mankhwala ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.