Savannah: nthaka, zomera ndi nyama. Kodi dothi amachuluka mu savannah chiyani?

Savannah - malo achilengedwe ndi predominance zomera herbaceous pa dothi wofiira lateritic. zone zachilengedwe zovuta (PC) ndi anagawira pakati pa nkhalango ndi theka-zipululu. Pa 40% ya dera Africa ali wotanganidwa ndi expanses lalikulu la savannah. Dothi anapanga pansi pa pabuka zomera wamtali ndi predominance mbewu monga chimanga, mitengo ndi Nthawi zina m'nkhalango zitsamba.

otentha steppe nkhalango

Savannah, kupatula Africa, sizachilendo m'mabuku Australia ndi ku India. Kwa mtundu uli PC campos Llanos ndi kumtunda kwa America South. Nthawi zambiri poyerekeza ndi m'tchire nkhalango-steppe m'dera ofunda a Europe ndi ku Asia. Pali kufanana kwina, koma pali kusiyana kwambiri. zinthu zazikulu zomwe Savannah:

• nthaka ndi zomwe zili otsika humus;
• xeromorphic herbaceous zomera;
• mitengo ndi zitsamba ndi korona umbellate;
• olemera ndi osiyanasiyana zomera (mosiyana steppe, lamulo limeneli lili).

Campos - Brazil m'tchire yachonde - popangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya m'madera mbewu. Cerrados amakhala ndi kukhalapo kwa mitengo otsika-kukula ndi zitsamba. Limpos mitundu wamtali steppe. Llanos mbali zonse za mtsinje Orinoco ku America South okutidwa ndi udzu wakuda ndi magulu munthu wa mitengo (kanjedza).

African savannah. Nthaka ndi nyengo

Otentha malo nkhalango zimatengera pa Africa otentha, 40% za gawolo.
Kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi savannah kuchitiridwa semideserts pa ufulu 16-18 °, mwatcheru chikufanana ndi nyanja ya Chad ndi shuga granulated. Malire a zone ya PC kum'mwera ndi nkhalango za Capricorn. Savannah zigwa zatenga malo ndi kuwuka ndi kutalika ndithu mwa malo okwera African East.

Mitundu osakhala nyengo - boma yamphamvu ndi otentha. Kodi bwino distinguishable mu chaka nyengo awiri - yonyowa ndi youma. nyengo mvula yafupika pamene kusuntha kuchoka equator mpaka kotentha kwa miyezi 7-9 mpaka 3-4. Mu January, pamene yamvula, kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, mu louma Kumwera akuyamba. Total chinyezi ukufika 800-1200 mamilimita / chaka. moisturizing chinthu - zosakwana 1 (osakwanira mpweya). zigawo zosiyana amadwala zikusowa wambiri madzi (K _uvl pansipa 0,5-0,3).

Kodi mtundu wa nthaka m'tchire ndi aumbike ngati mikhalidwe? Mu mvula, zakudya osambitsidwa intensively ndi madzi M'maso m'munsi. Pamene nyengo youma, pali chodabwitsa zosiyana - njira nthaka kukacha.

zomera mtundu ndi nyengo

Atalandira chinyezi, otentha nkhalango-steppe mu Africa moyo. Yellow-bulauni mithunzi mapesi ouma m'malo mwa emarodi wobiriwira. Kukula masamba pa mitengo, amene waponya masamba panthawi ya chilala, udzu mofulumira anatambasula, nthawizina kufika mamita 3 kutalika. Nthaka nyama ndi zomera za savannah cha Africa aumbike mchikakamizo cha nyengo. zinthu kutentha ndi chinyezi zimadalira chirengedwe dera malo.

Pafupi kumalire a nyengo rainforest mvula kumatenga za 9 miyezi. Pali aumbike wamtali-savannah; magulu a mitengo ndi zitsamba ambiri. Pali Mimosa ndi mitengo ya kanjedza, zomwe ndi zigwa nkhalango mitsinje zomera. Mitundu chidwi kwambiri a zomera m'tchire - ndi malambe m'mayiko. Tree thunthu zambiri ukufika mamita 45 circumference.

Monga mtunda kuchokera equator kwambiri kwa kotentha nthawi ya mvula yafupika, kukhala savannah lililonse. Border ndi theka chipululu malo chinyezi afika miyezi 3 chaka. Zomera, amene anapanga m'mikhalidwe youma, amatanthauza m'chipululu mtundu savannah. 50 ° C, kumasiyana pang'ono kuchokera m'chipululu. mitundu North Africa wotchedwa awa malo achilengedwe "inapululuka", anthu a South Africa - "chitsamba".

Kodi dothi amachuluka mu savannah ndi

Otentha nkhalango nthaka - red-bulauni mtundu, amene amaupereka yachitsulo pawiri. Kwa mtundu uwu ndi khalidwe la zili otsika humus - kuchokera 1.5 kuti 3%. The gawo pakati pa mbiri muli dongo pansi noticeable illuvial-Mbali yokhala ngati kaja nthaka. Mbali pamwambawa ndi khalidwe la Africa East, mbali kumpoto kwa Africa la Australia, ndi zina zigawo America South.

Kodi nthaka mu savannah anapanga zimatengera mtundu wa humidification. Pa nthawi mokwanira yaitali humus youma amasonkhana chifukwa kuwonongeka pang'onopang'ono zomera. More chonde m'nthaka mu udzu wouma Africa, ndi steppes la America South. Pa moistening zonse padziko dongosolo tirigu aumbike, kapena chipolopolo (kutumphuka molimba).

mitundu ya nthaka

Mu zone zomvetsera imagwera osiyana mvula zachilengedwe amasiyana nthawi nyengo youma. Mtunda mbali ndi nyengo kusiya chizindikiro awo pa mtundu wa zomera m'tchire. Dothi anapanga ndi mogwirizana kwa zinthu zonse zovuta achilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mbewu imakhalabe mwa nkhalango chinyezi alibe nthawi kuwola ndinso, zakudya ndi yagwa ndi mvula lolemera.

Poyerekeza ndi wofiira ndi wachikasu dothi ferrallitic nkhalango ya lamba kunyanja mu udzu kudziunjikira humus kwambiri. Chifukwa cha nyengo youma ndi kuwonongeka wozengereza zatsalira zomera ndi humus. Wapakatikati mtundu - wofiira ferralitic magawo variable-chinyezi nkhalango. Pansi dzinthu udzu ali makamaka ili dothi lateritic ndi pabuka-bulauni. Mu mtundu wa youma malo achilengedwe popangidwa ndi nthaka wakuda. Pamene tikuyandikira zigawo chipululu, iwo ali m'malo mwa dothi pabuka-bulauni. Bright brownish kapena njerwa zofiira mtundu amakhala pansi chifukwa kudzikundikira ayoni chitsulo.

The zomera za savannah ndi

Modabwitsa olemera ndi osiyanasiyana zomera za nkhalango zotentha. Pali nthumwi za magulu onse zomera. Akangaude, zinkhanira, njoka, njovu, mvuu, rhinos, nguluwe zimapezeka chakudya savannah, wobisa ku kutentha kwa tsiku kapena mvula. Kulikonse ataliatali nyumba zadothi cones chiswe, enlivening lathyathyathya pamwamba savannah. Anthu akangaude nthaka ndi makoswe ang'ono mu udzu zonse kumva phokoso - scurry njoka ndi zokwawa ena. Large ogwirira - mikango, anyalugwe - smartly kubisala mu udzu mkulu, kuukira wovulalayo mosayembekezeka.

Nthiwatiwa ndi ochenjera: wamtali ndi lalitali khosi zimathandiza mbalame yaikulu mu nthawi kuwona ngozi ndipo tibiseni mutu wake. Ambiri mwa anthu a savannah akuthawa ku ogwirira mu ndege. Amayenda mtunda wautali hoofed nyama zamiyendo Inayi: mbidzi, insa, antelopes, njati. Akadyamsonga Mochititsa chidwi kudya masamba wosakhwima pa mitengo yaitali, ndipo m'mphepete mwa nyanja mu m'nkhalango ya udzu kutembenuzira cha behemoths clunky.

Agriculture mu zone savannah ndi mitengo

m'madera ambiri nkhalango zotentha ku Australia ndi ku South America ali wotanganidwa pa msipu ndi kulima thonje, chimanga, mtedza. Mu ulimi Indian, Africa komanso ntchito udzu ndi mitengo. Dothi ndi red-bulauni pamene lonyowa chonde ndi kugwira moyenera. Low chikhalidwe cha ulimi ndi kupanda dziko reclamation zinachititsa kuti pakhale njira kukokoloka. Sahelian zone ya Africa ndi dera chipululu masiku ano chifukwa cha kuphatikiza zinthu zachilengedwe ndi anthropogenic.

mavuto kusamala nthaka Savannah

chikhalidwe African amasintha mchikakamizo cha mwamuna: Nkhalango kudula, alili lotseguka savannah. Zomera ndi nyama timavutika kungasokoneze zinthu anthropogenic. Yafupika manambala a zilombo zolusa komanso nyamazo kusokoneza anthu anyani. Violation vegetative chivundikiro pa yolima kapena savannah kudula mitengo akutitsogolera kuti kudzitsitsa mofulumira nthaka. Livni chikusokosera chapamwamba chonde wosanjikiza poyera wandiweyani misa ya dongo ndi chitsulo mankhwala. Iwo umalimbikitsidwa mchikakamizo cha kutentha mpweya. zochitika zimenezi zikuchitika m'madera a zaulimi tima ndi odyetserako. Red-bulauni dothi la savannah osowa chitetezo ndi kubwezeretsedwa pa m'madera ambiri m'mayiko osauka a Africa ndi Latin America.