Subcomandante Marcos: yonena ndi chithunzi

Subcomandante Marcos - ndale ndi chosintha Mexico, amene anali mtsogoleri wa Zapatista Army la National Kumasuka (EZLN), gulu zida amene anapandukira boma Mexico ku Chiapas mu January 1994.

yonena

The image, amene amabisa mutu wa EZLN, wakhala mutu wa samvetsa, monga pa maonekedwe opatsidwa pamaso atolankhani dziko ndi mayiko, nthawi zonse anabisa nkhope yake pansi Balaklava. Ngakhale izi, mu February 1995, Subcomandante Marcos avula chigoba: boma ku Mexico ali kuti iye Rafael Sebastian Gilena Visente. Malinga ndi buku la mutsogoleli wa Mexico, Ernesto Zedillo, Guillen anabadwa July 10, 1957 mu Tampico (Tamaulipas), banja lalikulu ndi kuchita malonda a mipando. Anayamba maphunziro ake kwawo, Guillen anapitiriza mu Guadalajara ndi Monterrey, kenako analembetsa pa National Autonomous University of Mexico, komwe adalandira digiri nthanthi ndi mabuku. Magwero yomweyo zikusonyeza kuti pa zaka 24 anaganiza kusiya wake aesthetics chiphunzitso ntchito, anapita Chiapas, ndipo anakhala kumbali ufulu wa anthu ameneŵa ya boma.

Mfundo angakhale maziko a Zapatista kugalukira, monga kayendedwe akuyesera kuvumbulutsa zachisinsi zimayambitsa wa anapeza pa zaka zambirimbiri backwardness wa anthu ameneŵa kukakamiza chitukuko anzawo. chakuti Subcomandante Marcos (chithunzi kumaonekeranso m'nkhani) wakhala kudziwika monga munthu amene sikuli kwa aliyense wa chikhalidwe cha anthu a, ndipo ngakhale yokhazikika wa Boma la Chiapas, Zedillo anali mtsutso wa Boma pofuna asamakhulupirire gululi. Malinga ndi utsogoleri Mexico, ndi pseudonym kwa cholinga chobisika kwa ideologues ya kumanzere pakati kalasi Mexico Indians ntchito asamakhulupirire wamkulu dziko.

Udindo wa atolankhani

Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, gwero lina la kutchuka kwa kayendedwe Zapatista anali bwino, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito Subcomandante Marcos ndi maganizo mayiko onse. Iye anawerenga ndakatulo, nthabwala ndi kulalikira mauthenga yovuta ndale yolembedwa ndi makomiti mobisa chosintha wa anthu ameneŵa amene mtsogoleri. Mu cholengeza munkhani lofalitsidwa pa Intaneti (mosakayikira, chinsinsi chinanso kutchuka kwa ulimi kunja kwa dzikoli), zofuna anapangidwa kutembenuka kwa Mexico mu mabwalo a m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi Kuzindikila ufulu wa makomiti madera ameneŵa nawo kasamalidwe boma, amatsimikizira chilungamo ndi chilungamo, ndi popereka thandizo ndi matsimikizidwe a kumanja kuchita miyambo ndi miyambo yawo. Komanso, boma Mexico anali kukhala chitsimikizo kuti mizinda yambiri ya Zinenero Zamakolo adzakhala imayendetsedwa ndi Amwenye okha, ndipo anthu ameneŵa ayenera ali ndi ufulu okha kuthetsa ena boma, zigawenga, ntchito ndi mikangano malonda m'njira kuti malamulo amaganizira chikhalidwe ndi miyambo yawo.

Zapatista kugalukira

Subcomandante Marcos kutsogozedwa ndi Zapatista National Kumasuka Army mu tsiku loyamba la January 1994 anatenga midzi isanu mu Chiapas, kuphatikizapo San Cristobal de A Las Casas. Patapita masiku khumi ndi awiri a kusiyana ndi ovulala zambiri anthu ndi kuvulala, anayamba kukambirana ndi boma. Kuyambira pamenepo Marcos (Rafael Sebastian Guillen Vicente) nawo pa zokambirana, ndipo anakhalabe kwambiri kumwa chithunzi cha kayendedwe Zapatista.

Mu February 1996, nthumwi za boma ndi zigaŵenga zankhondo anasaina mgwirizano San Andres ufulu wa magulu zamakolo, koma miyezi ingapo EZLN mlandu wadziko Zedillo pakati pa mgwirizano ndi kuswa kukambirana pakati pa zipani. The ke kamasonyeza kuchuluka yotakata kukhalanso wa mamiliyoni ambiri Indians Mexico, anatsimikizira kuzindikira kuti kuli dziko la anthu ameneŵa, mtundu uliwonse wa ulamuliro, miyambo ndi, koma Pulezidenti Zedillo akufuna magazini osiyana lemba la kukanidwa ndi opanduka, ndi January 1997, EZLN udachokamo mu ndondomeko positi ofesi.

resumption kwa kukambirana

Pambuyo kusintha kwa mphamvu mu dziko malinga ndi zotsatira za chisankho mu July 2000, pulezidenti watsopano Visente Foks yoikika kale Kazembe Luis ALVAREZ Commissioner Mtendere mu Chiapas. ALVAREZ anapanga Commission cha chigwirizano ndi mtendere (Cocopa), ndi amene chitukuko malamulo asilikali, mwachidule mapangano anafika omwe amafunika kutsatira Zapatistas.

Kumene osankhidwa Mexico Pulezidenti Fox anapereka kuyambiranso nkhani zigaŵenga zankhondo, ndipo Marcos wakhala anavomera, ngakhale povomera kupita ku likulu feduro. M'mawa kutsegulira kwa mtsogoleri wa EZLN pa msonkhano yodzaza atolankhani, atolankhani anati zofuna wotsutsayo kubwezeretsa kukambirana chifukwa anachoka asilikali ku dera, kugwiritsa ntchito mapangano San Andres ndi kutulutsidwa kwa Anthu akaidi.

Mgwirizano udindo wa boma ndi zigawenga anathandiza kugonjetsedwa ku Chiapas PRI chipani ndi kupanga boma latsopano mgwirizano. Pablo Salazar Bwanamkubwa anatenga udindo pa 8 December 2000 ndipo analonjeza kulimbikitsa chiyanjanitso cha kusiyana chikhalidwe, ndale, ulimi ndiponso achipembedzo. Bwanamkubwa analonjeza kuyamba ndondomeko malamulo kuti amasule akaidi wa Zapatistas, m'modzi wa chachikulu Marcos zinthu kukambirana watsopano.

Zapatista ulendo

Mu masiku oyambirira a utsogoleri wake, Fox analamula amasulidwe 40 akaidi Zapatista pang'ono mupewe asilikali ake ndi boma kupanduka. Iye anatumiza kwa Congress ndalama ya ufulu wa anthu m'deralo, monga anavomera mu 1996. Marcos anayankha kuti zonsezi kulengeza aziyendera ku likulu la kulengeza zofuna zawo mu Congress. Inafalitsidwa kumaliseche ka nkhondo, amene anabwera kanthu mu miyezi ingapo. EZLN anapempha kuti aziyenda pa Mexico City, limodzi ndi akuluakulu a Komiti Mayiko Red Cross, koma boma wapanikizidwa kuchokera kwa anthu ammudzi malonda ndi asilikali ali oletsedwa kuti zimenezi. Fox mlandu zigaŵenga zankhondo ndi kuti iwo sanathe kupeleka kuyankha zabwino ntchito anayesetsa ndipo zimafika kusiya la asilikali ndi kutulutsidwa kwa akaidi, ndipo Marcos mlandu pulezidenti kuti iye yekha kunyengezera chidwi kuthetsa mikangano asanatenge zochita weniweni mtendere.

February 24, 2001 Zapatista ulendo anayamba wozungulira yatsopano ya nkhondoyo. masiku 15 pambuyo pa chiyambi ndipo anadutsa zoposa 3000 Km m'madera osauka kwambiri mu dziko, kutsogozedwa ndi Subcomandante convoy anafika ku dera la El Zocalo ku Mexico City. mtsogoleri Woukira analengeza kuti akufuna kukhalabe likulu mpaka pabvomelezo la nyumba yamalamulo lamulo kusodza pa kupereka kudziyimira pawokha kuti mamiliyoni a amwenye. March 12 EZLN oimira msonkhano wawo woyamba Bungwe Cocopa umene unachitika msonkhano wa partisans ndi a Congress Mexico ndi Senate. Marcos boma akufuna bungwe msonkhano pakati pa anthu a opandukawo 10 senators 10, koma Subcomandante samagwirizana ndipo anapempha kuti nthumwi anaonekera pamaso pa msonkhano wa zipinda yamalamulo. Popeza pangano lamphamvu, ndipo ngakhale kungakupatseni bilu mawu, Marcos mosayembekezeka analengeza maganizo ake kusiya likulu ndi kubwerera ku mapiri a Chiapas.

Kuthamanga anali zotsatira zake, ndi Pulezidenti Visente Foks aganiza zigaŵenga zankhondo chotero kupewa kubwerera kwa Zapatistas, zimene zimachititsa stalemate latsopano mu ndondomeko mtendere. Mutu wa boma analengeza kutulutsidwa kwa zigaŵenga zankhondo zonse m'ndende kutapa asilikali zapansi atatu asilikali m'dera breakaway nalonjezana kuyesetsa kuti nthumwi kupanduka analandiridwa mu Congress.

Pa msonkhano mbiri pa March 22, 2001, nyumba ya malamulo ovomerezeka (218 avotera kuti, 210 ndi, 7 abstentions) nawo EZLN nthumwi. 28 March 23 zigawenga nthumwi anatenga tithe choyamba mu yamalamulo Mexico ndipo analankhula kuchokera rostrum la "wolamulira" Esther, membala wa utsogoleri andale a EZLN. Pambuyo mawu ake pofuna kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ameneŵa, analengeza kuti Abiti Marsh anapanga. The ndondomeko mtendere adapitiriza ndi yoyamba pakati zigaŵenga zankhondo ndi boma. Subcomandante Marcos ndi Zapatistas, zikuoneka kukhuta, March 30 anabwerera ku Chiapas.

Kulimbana akupitiriza

Ngakhale atolankhani kugonjetsa, atsogoleri zamakolo kufunika sanalandire thandizo kuyembekezera. Mu April, ndi Senate ndi Congress anatengera chikalata, amene amasamalila oyamba a kusintha kwa Constitution kuonetsetsa ufulu wa anthu ameneŵa, koma Kusintha kwa polojekiti choyambirira zayamba okha San andresskie pangano ndi anachititsa sakufuna kuti mumulalikire. magulu zamakolo, pamapeto, anakana chilamulo ufulu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ameneŵa, sasamalira njira kukhazikitsa ufulu umenewu. Komanso Zapatistas anasonyeza kutsutsidwa ayi lembalo, ovomerezedwa ndi Komiti, monga salola "palibe kudzikonda, palibe kudziyimira pawokha chenicheni." Subcomandante Marcos analengeza kuti EZLN sadzakhala kuyambiranso nkhani ndi boma, zizikhala 1996, ndipo adzapitiriza kumenya nkhondo.

anthu ameneŵa, magulu ozindikira ndipo leftist Party wa Democratic utasintha, akadandaule milandu oposa 300 kutsutsana ndi lamulo anadutsa Congress, koma September 2002 iwo anakanidwa ndi Supreme Court.

yokopa ena

Mu August 2005, m'mawu ake onse yoyamba kuchokera m'chaka cha 2001 Marcos ku Chiapas ananena cholinga chake si kuthandiza aliyense ofuna kuti utsogoleri mu 2006 ndipo zikuchepa anadzudzula iwo, makamaka poyamba Mexico City Meya Manuel Lopez Obrador. Subcomandante ananenanso kuti kusakanikirana adziwitse za kayendedwe Zapatista mu dongosolo Mexico ndale chichitike kupyolera kukhazikitsidwa chachikulu kutsogolo kumanzere. Pa tsiku loyamba la 2006 Marcos anayamba ulendo njinga yamoto kuzungulira dziko kulimbikitsa anthu otchedwa "wokopa ena" kulenga chipembedzo chimene chimagwirizanitsa anthu dziko m'dzikoli komanso magulu kukana kusintha kupitirira kuthamanga. Pambuyo kusankha, iye zina anawonekera ndi mawu lotsatira.

Comandante konse mwalamulo anatsimikizira kapena anakana zoti Guillen.

Subcomandante Marcos: zilandiridwenso

Mtsogoleri wa Zapatistas walemba essays zoposa 200 ndipo nkhani zafalitsa 21 mabuku, zimene iye anafotokoza maganizo ake pandale ndi nzeru za anthu. Ntchito lofalitsidwa pansi pa dzina la Subcomandante Marcos - "The utasintha Other" (2008), «¡Ya Basta! zaka khumi Zapatista Zipolowe "(2004)," Issues ndi malupanga :. nkhani ya Zapatista utasintha "(2001), etc. Mu wolemba wakonda kulankhula ndi mwachindunji mu mawonekedwe a nthano.

ntchito zonse, omwe amafalitsidwa ndi Subcomandante Marcos - "The Fourth World nkhondo linayamba" (2001). wolemba pankhani ya Wachiwiri-liberalism ndi kudalirana. A dziko nkhondo yachitatu, iye akuganiza Chidani nkhondo pakati pa bizinesi ndi zokomera onse, ndi kuwatsatira - pakati pa matawuni akuluakulu a zachuma.

Subcomandante Marcos, amene mabuku olembedwa ndi ophiphiritsa, nditaona ndi chikondi njira, choncho anayesetsa kuchoka ku zinthu zopweteka akulongosola. Mulimonsemo, aliyense wa ntchito wake akamachita cholinga yeniyeni, kutsimikizira dzina la buku la "mawu athu - chida athu" (2002), gulu la nkhani, ndakatulo, malankhulidwe ndi makalata.

Subcomandante Marcos: makoti

Mmodzi wa mitu ya essays mu 1992 ndi motere:

"Mutu uwu limatiuza mmene boma wapamwamba nkhawa za umphawi wa anthu ameneŵa a Chiapas, ndipo wamanga mahotela, ndende m'chipindacho ndi ndege zankhondo. Limanenanso mmene chirombo wakudya mwazi wa anthu, komanso ngozi zina ndi zochitika zopanda ... A ochepa makampani, mmodzi amene ndi boma ku Mexico a Chiapas anapereka chuma onse kuwombola anthu kusiya oopsa komanso chakupha awo njira. "

An kagawo m'buku "Lachinayi World nkhondo anayamba":

"Pakutha Chidani nkhondo, bizinesi analenga mantha asilikali - ndi nyutironi bomba chida chimene chikuwononga moyo potuluka labwinobwino nyumbayi. Pa Fourth World nkhondo Komabe, anapeza latsopano chozizwitsa chida - bomba ndalama. Mosiyana, Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, izo osati kuwononga mzindawo, kutumiza imfa, mantha ndi mavuto a anthu amene akukhala nawo, koma likutithandizanso cholinga chake mu gawo lina la chithunzi cha kudalirana kwa mayiko pazachuma. "