Zolinga zikuluzikulu za RSE. Wonse boma dongosolo la kapewedwe ndi liquidation zinthu zadzidzidzi

Sazengereza kuwachitira kufunika maphunziro mu Russia ndi kunja anali malinga ndi kuwonjezeka mofulumira mu imene yatsala kumuopseza asilikali, chitukuko ndi mosalekeza kusintha kwa mitundu yonse ya zida.

Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhondo ndi maphokoso nkhondo nthawi ndi chitetezo m'deralo (luso EMERCOM la Russia) okha opulumutsidwa anthu ambiri pa nthawi ya zida zankhondo ndi mpweya kunyanyala adani, inathetsedwa blockages, mitsuko anatengedwa ku n'zodalirika chachikulu cha anthu, defused zipolopolo ouluka ndi mabomba, chitakonzedwa nyumba ndi nyumba, komanso obwezeretsedwa sewerage ndi madzi okwanira, mizere magetsi ndi aya, posts lamulo, ndi zambiri.

Zokonza mbali ndi zonse kutetezeredwa anthu dziko ndi madera ake zochitika zadzidzidzi

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu dziko lathu, malinga ndi lamulo la Chitaganya cha Russia № 261 kuchokera 18.04.1992 chaka: "Pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo Russian chenjezo komanso mmene mwadzidzidzi", dongosolo chogwirizana unakhazikitsidwa kuti kupewa mitundu yonse ya mwadzidzidzi ndi nkhondo ndi yamtendere liquidation awo ngati zosayembekezereka, komanso pofuna kupewa ngozi zonse za anthu, chitetezo mwatsatanetsatane za chilengedwe ndi kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chuma.

Kenako, malamulo gulu ndi malamulo a boma latsopano la Russia kuti zonse kuteteza anthu ku mavuto mwadzidzidzi, komanso mpweya, madzi ndi malo dziko, chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe maofesi, maofesi mafakitale, anali malamulo Federal "Pa chitetezo cha anthu ndi madera zochitika mwadzidzidzi wa zachilengedwe ndi opangidwa chikhalidwe »№ 68-FZ anailemba 21. 12. 1994

Kuphedwa wotsatira a chilamulo ichi chinachitika mu chikhazikitso cha RF boma Watsimikiza № 1113 a 11.05.1995, "Pa dongosolo yunifolomu boma la kapewedwe ndi liquidation zinthu zadzidzidzi" imene amavomeleza malangizo poyerekezera RSE. Amaonekera amene wakhoza kumuuza Sazengereza kuwachitira vuto, mfundo ya zomangamanga a dongosolo wogwirizana, zikuchokera katundu ndi amakakamiza dongosolo la mogwirizana kwa waukulu structural zinthu. Ambiri, malo a amazilamulira, dongosolo umagwira ntchito ngati wosakwatira.

mawu ofunika kwambiri pa Sazengereza kuwachitira za

Emergency vuto - vuto linalake ku dera kuti zachitika chifukwa ngozi, masoka woopsawo mwambo chiyambi zachilengedwe, masoka kapena masoka ena, zotsatira za umene unali (adzakhala) kuwonongeka kwa thanzi la munthu kapena chilengedwe, anthu nsembe, mitundu yonse ya kuyan'anila ndi zonse za zinthu kuvomerezeka kwa moyo anthu, awiri zakuthupi.

Kupewa mwadzidzidzi - ndi akonzedwa kwambiri ntchito analipo umalimbana kuchepetsa chiopsezo asayembekezere, kuteteza thanzi la munthu, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka chilengedwe, awiri zakuthupi.

Liquidation wa zotsatira za zochitika mwadzidzidzi - mitundu zadzidzidzi ntchito yopulumutsa chikhalidwe, imene ikuchitikira ku vuto la mwadzidzidzi. Iwo ankaganizira kwambiri kuteteza thanzi la munthu, kupulumutsa miyoyo, kuchepetsa zomvetsa zakuthupi ndi mmene kuwonongeka chilengedwe, komanso kutanthauzira m'madera (mabacteria) wa mwadzidzidzi.

Tsoka m'dera - malo pangozi ya zinachitika, ndi zomwe m'nkhani imeneyi lolamulidwa zonse.

Zolinga Sazengereza kuwachitira

Choyamba anapereka malangizo atatu:

• kuteteza zikamera ndi wotsatira chitukuko cha mwadzidzidzi;
• kuchepetsa mavuto onse amene iwo;
• ya miyeso Cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa zinthu mwadzidzidzi.

Ntchito yaikulu Sazengereza kuwachitira:

1. Kukula ndi kuphedwa kabwino ka malamulo zachuma ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi kuonetsetsa chitetezo zonse alionse m'dzikoli ndi madera ake chifukwa cha masoka.

2. kukhazikitsa ma sayansi, luso ndi akulimbana kuti kuteteza zinthu mwadzidzidzi, kulimbikitsa ntchito kwa mabungwe, makampani ndi mabungwe (popanda kutchula njira gulu lawo ndi malamulo), Kumvetsela maofesi wawo, zolinga kupanga pakakhala.

3. kulosera ndi kusanthula za gawo umoyo ndi zachuma zotsatirapo za mwadzidzidzi.

4. Kuonetsetsa wokonzeka zonse kuti azichita zinthu zina mu mabungwe kasamalidwe mwadzidzidzi, ndalama ndi mphamvu anaikira tcheru mofulumira ndi wotsatira liquidation zingachitike chifukwa cha iwo.

5. Mayiko co-ntchito ndi zonse kutetezeredwa anthu dziko ndi madera ake chifukwa cha masoka.

6. mapologalamu ya zochita osiyanasiyana monga chopereka, processing ntchito, kuwombola ndi wotsatira amasulidwe zokhudza mmene kukhazikitsa chitetezo anthu pa zochitika mwadzidzidzi.

7. Kukonzekera nzika kuti zochita zina mkati mwa chimango cha mwadzidzidzi.

8. Pangani ndi nkhokwe kofunika zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuti adzaonetsetsa pothetsa mavuto a zochitika mwadzidzidzi.

9. Kuchititsa boma mabwana, ulamuliro zoona za chitetezo cha anthu m'dzikoli ndi madera ake chifukwa cha masoka.

10. liquidation zinthu mwadzidzidzi.

11. Kunyamula kunja ya miyeso (kuthandiza ovutika) ndi zonse chitetezo chikhalidwe nzika anakhudzidwa ndi tsokalo.

12. Kukhazikitsa ufulu ndi udindo mu chimango za chitetezo cha anthu ndi madera ake ku mavuto amene amayamba chifukwa mwadzidzidzi.

Mavuto anathana Sazengereza kuwachitira, ali patsogolo m'madera onse. kuganizira mosamala ndi kuphedwa yake zimadalira anthu ambiri, komanso dera kulephera omwe mwina sizingasinthe.

Sazengereza kuwachitira zolinga ayenera nthawi zonse kusintha malinga ndi opangidwa ndi opangidwa alipo zinthu mu dziko. chenjezo Emergency - malangizo chachikulu cha utumiki.

Sazengereza kuwachitira: kapangidwe, ntchito ndi ntchito

akuphatikizapo ukufanizidwa ndi subsystems Kupititsa ndi zinchito, m'kukoma milingo asanu pamalo, m'dera, madera, dera ndi boma.

subsystems Kupititsa anapanga mu gawo la nkhani Russian Federation pofuna kupewa ndi wotsatira liquidation zinthu mwadzidzidzi. Iwo zigwirizana mayunitsi ena amene zizigwirizana loyang'anira magawano madera awa.

Koma subsystems zinchito, iwo apanga boma kumabungwe anapatsidwa chuma kuti zosangalatsa pofuna kuteteza anthu dziko ndi madera ake chifukwa cha masoka.

Aliyense mlingo wa dongosolo ali ndi matupi awa (RSE wagawo):

• kugwirizana;
• kasamalidwe tsiku;
• Management wa Civil silikhali and Emergency Zochitika;

Komanso, aliyense womwenso: njira zofunika ndi mphamvu, ndi nkhokwe ya chuma zosiyanasiyana, kachitidwe chenjezo, kulankhulana ndi machitidwe zambiri.

Security pakakhala

Sitepe yoyamba ndi kufotokoza mfundo izi.

Safety pakakhala - ndi kulenga chitetezo chokwanira kwa anthu onse, mabungwe a zachuma ndi chilengedwe ku mitundu yonse ya zoopsa mwadzidzidzi. Ndi mitundu angapo.

Mitundu ya chitetezo pakakhala

Ndi:

• moto;
• cheza;
• zachilengedwe;
• zivomerezi;
• mafakitale;
• kwachilengedwenso;
• mankhwala.

Safety pakakhala akhoza wachinsinsi pa ntchito:

• anthu;
• malo;
• Mipherezero zachuma.

Kukwaniritsa mtundu uwu wa chitetezo ikuchitika mwa kupewa, kupewa kapena kuchepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha masoka.

Mbiri ya Utumiki Russian wa Zochitika Emergency

Iwo kumagwirizana ndi mbiri ya Civil Odziteteza (04.10.2010 - zaka 78). Nthawi ya mapangidwe ake amati 10.4.1932, pamene Bungwe la Commissars Anthu USSR anatengera "lamulo pa mpweya motetezera USSR" omwe miyeso anayamba kuzindikira njira yeniyeni ndi zonse kutetezedwa mwamsanga nzika zonse za m'dziko ndi madera ake. Izi siteji koyamba za chitukuko cha dongosolo boma munda (tsiku la kubadwa kwa Local Air silikhali). Mu 1961, anaganiza kuti atembenuke MoEHE mu kupita.

Sazengereza kuwachitira (ntchito ndi ntchito yomwe tikambirana) - ndi zotsatira za Baibulo la maganizo akale ndi chitetezo cha anthu m'dzikoli ndi madera ake ku mitundu yonse ya adani (kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa angathe zida zoopsa).

December 27, 1990 zinali zodzaza ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Council RSFSR wa nduna Maonekedwe № 606 "Pa mapangidwe a Russian Corps la opulumutsa pa Ufulu wa RSFSR State Committee." Izi tsiku - tsiku pamene a unduna wa Zochitika Emergency la Russia anakhazikitsidwa (kenako - Tsiku mpulumutsi Russian Federation).

January 10, 1994 Russian EMERCOM lidzasinthidwa ano Russian Utumiki Civil silikhali, mwadzidzidzi ndi Kucotsa Zotsatira za Masoka Achilengedwe, amene anaikidwa Minister Sergei Shoigu.

Ndipo December 9, 1992 maphunziro kale mkulu chapakati chitetezo yapachiweniweni anali lidzasinthidwa Academy panopa EMERCOM la Russia kuti Civil Protection (unitary bungwe amene alibe analogues mu dziko).

Choncho, tikhoza kunena kuti anapanga mavuto panopa ndi Sazengereza kuwachitira dongosolo ochokera ku nthawi za MoEHE.

Ndalama komanso khama Sazengereza kuwachitira

Zolinga zikuluzikulu za RSE, omwe ali pamwambawa, monga mzera ndi zonse kuwonetsetsa wokonzeka zonse kukhazikitsa zinthu zingapo mu mabungwe kasamalidwe mwadzidzidzi, ndalama komanso khama cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa awo ntchito ndi wotsatira liquidation zingachitike chifukwa cha iwo.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya njira pamwamba ndi mphamvu:

1. Zimene motelo:

• Oyang'anira (kwa boilers boma, mphamvu za nyukiliya, magetsi ndi mafuta mapaipi, milatho, etc ...);
• Control ndi kasamalidwe Service (Ministry of Environment);
• mabungwe mabungwe utumiki kuti kuwunika thanzi la zinthu oopsa chilengedwe;
• Service Chowona Zanyama;
• anaziika ndi ulamuliro zasayansi maukonde (SNLK);
• zasayansi polojekiti chakudya quality, nkhani chakudya;
• utumiki chenjezo kwa masoka achilengedwe.

2. Kupha zochitika mwadzidzidzi:

• Utumiki wa mwadzidzidzi, apolisi ndi MO (mayunitsi awo, mbali, ndi kugwirizana);
• formations osakhala asilikali a chitetezo yapachiweniweni;
• njira ndi mphamvu za thupi m'madipatimenti zina ndi mautumiki, akuluakulu onse (m'dera la Chitaganya cha Russia).

Profiling ntchito za dongosolo

Tipitirize kuona Sazengereza kuwachitira. Kapangidwe, ntchito ndi ntchito yake ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri dongosolo nat. Security la Chitaganya cha Russia.

bizinesi yake mizere ikuluikulu:

1. Utukula za maganizo ndi ponena za lamulo la boma zokhudza kuteteza anthu dziko ndi madera ake zochitika mwadzidzidzi, awo kukhazikitsa yake. Ntchito Izi anaphedwa amazilamulira pamodzi ndi mphamvu ndi njira za dziko (kale, vuto limeneli anali anathana ndi iwo piecemeal).

2. Management mphindi ntchito ya mapeto. The bungwe lolamulira la amalimbikitsa Russian mwadzidzidzi Utumiki imayang'anira ntchito ya matupi boma m'dera wodzilamulira mu chimango cha vutoli. Kuti bwino ndi dzuwa la zinthu zimenezi, boma la Russia wakhazikitsa collegial kasamalidwe thupi - bungwe yapakati-Utumiki kuti kupewa ndi kuwonongedwa kwa zinthu mwadzidzidzi, zomwe amachita ndi mtanda kudula lamulo mderali. zosankha zake amamanga pa feduro matupi a mphamvu wamkulu wa nkhani RF. Zinthu structural wa RSE, ntchito imeneyi imagwiridwa ndi Civil silikhali akuluakulu ndi Commission pa Zochitika Emergency.

3. ulamuliro The lakonzedwa kuonetsetsa kugwilizana woyenera ndi zochita zogwirizana malamulo, malamulo osiyana, malangizo ndi mfundo mu dera la chitetezo mwadzidzidzi matupi feduro wamkulu, matupi ake nkhani RF, mabungwe ndi maboma a m'mayikowo. Pa mlingo boma, ntchito imeneyi imagwiridwa ndi zochitika Emergency Utumiki.

4. Yopanga ntchito, zomwe ndi kugwira zodzitetezera umalimbana kupewa mavuto mwadzidzidzi, kuchepetsa kukula kwawo, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mavuto awo ndi ntchito mwadzidzidzi kupulumutsidwa malangizo kuthetsa mtundu uwu zotsatira.

5. Amitundu Yonse yokonza ntchito ankaona dongosolo limodzi (panali, chuma, etc.). MAKONZEDWE zofunika kuthetsa zotsatira za chuma mwadzidzidzi zinthu monga zipangizo chakudya yaiwisi, chakudya, kukonza, zovala ndi katundu zachipatala, pothandiza anthu ndi njira zoyendera mankhwala, mafuta, zomangamanga, mankhwala munthu ndi cheza chitetezo, etc ...

6. Mayiko mgwirizano. Iwo kuzimwera omasukirana kuti Sazengereza kuwachitira Russian akulimbana kusakanikirana mu akutulukira dongosolo chenjezo dziko ndi wotsatira liquidation zinthu mwadzidzidzi. Cooperation akuyendera mwa zimenezi ndi zida zina mayiko, kupanga limodzi chimango malamulo ndi za nkhani ya chidwi mwagwirizana kapena gulu, komanso zochitika mu apadera mabungwe mayiko ndi mabungwe.

EMERCOM la Russia: zofunika kuchita ndi zochita

Sazengereza kuwachitira ntchito yaikulu anatumizidwa ku utumiki uwu, akhoza yagawidwa mbali ziwiri:

1. Development wa bwana malamulo onse mu DPP, ndi kapewedwe ndi Kupha mwadzidzidzi namtsata.
2. Ikuyang'anira komanso kuonetsetsa uziyenda bwino a dongosolo (RSE) pakakhala osati nkhondo komanso yamtendere.

Sadzakhala superfluous kuti kamodzinso kutsindika kuti zolinga zikuluzikulu ndi dongosolo Sazengereza kuwachitira ananena momveka bwino m'chilamulo ndaitchula boma ndi za kutetezedwa ndi nzika za Russia ndi madera ake chifukwa cha masoka.

Mfundo za chilengedwe cha dongosolo, amaganizira za mmene zinthu ziliri mu dziko

Choyamba, izo, ayenera kutsatira njira mwatsatanetsatane mu ndondomeko ya mapangidwe dongosolo (mlandu wa anthropogenic ndi masoka chiyambi tsoka, magawo awo chitukuko ndi mavuto, countermeasures kuti iwo ndi chiwerengero chofunika gulu).

Kachiwiri, kuzindikira, titero, "sanali ziro chiopsezo" (chakuti n'kosatheka kuthetsa mavuto tsoka chimango kuwaopseza zosiyanasiyana kuthekera).

Kachitatu, kuzika pa mfundo yofunika zopewera ndi nkhani chitetezo (chenjezo) (pazipita zotheka kuchepetsa Mwina wa tsoka ndi miyeso mwadongosolo njira).

Mipangidwe yakugwira ntchito ankaona dongosolo limodzi

Zoopseza pano pali modes zitatu:

1. Kupitiriza ntchito (malinga ngati maboma onse ndi mphamvu alipo Sazengereza kuwachitira lizigwira mosathamanga yachibadwa):

• kuphunzira zikuchitika chilengedwe ndi kuneneratu womveka wa tsoka;
• kukonzekera, bungwe ndi kukonza zochita zovuta Sazengereza kuwachitira mphamvu ndi boma mu yangozi;
• zosonkhanitsira, processing ndi kuwombola wotsatira wa mfundo ndi zonse kutetezeredwa anthu dziko ndi madera ake zochitika mwadzidzidzi, kuonetsetsa chitetezo wathunthu moto;
• Kukwezeleza chidziwitso ndi zonse kutetezeredwa anthu dziko ndi madera ake mu mwambo mwadzidzidzi;
• bungwe lomenyera, Kusinthaku, yosungirako, panthawi yake kubwezeretsanso nkhokwe alipo wofunikila Kupha zotsatira zake chifukwa cha masoka achilengedwe.

2. Kuchuluka wokonzeka (kuopseza panopa tsoka)

• kumanga kulamulira kusintha kwa boma la chilengedwe, kuneneratu isanayambike ndi mmene kuwonongeka kwa tsoka;
• njira yothandizira wa yosonkhanitsa, processing ndi kufala kwa mphamvu Sazengereza kuwachitira, asaaonerera zokhudza tsoka ananeneratu, kudziŵitsa nzika za njira ndi njira chitetezo milandu;
• Kuyankha (popewa pakutchulidwa ndi chitukuko cha mwadzidzidzi);
• Zosinthika mapulani ndi zikalata zina poyerekezera ndi kapewedwe ndi Kupha zotsatira chifukwa cha zochitika mwadzidzidzi;
• Pogwira (ngati wafuna) achoke miyeso.

3. Emergency (amanyansidwa tsoka ndiponso liquidation ntchito):

• mosalekeza polojekiti ya zikuchitika a chilengedwe, kukhazikitsa yotani mlingo wa chiwopsezo;
• nzika Alert ndi atsogoleri a zikuchitika mwadzidzidzi;
• mosalekeza zosonkhanitsira, processing (kusanthula) ndi nzeru deta ndi zonse ndi zinthu ofala m'dera mwadzidzidzi, ndi njira kuthetsa zotsatira zake;
• kuipidwa kwa njira zodzitetezera pa nkhani ya chonse cha anthu a dziko ndi madera ake zochitika mwadzidzidzi;
• bungwe mpaka kuonetsetsa kuti zonse zilipo malamulo akuluakulu za miyeso ena kuthetsa zotsatira za mwadzidzidzi;
• Dongosolo zofunika ndi zonse kuti n'zodalirika mokwanira mu mwadzidzidzi alipo.

Gulu la mwadzidzidzi zochokera kuchuluka ndi kukula kwa mavuto awo

Anaganiza kuonetsetsa:

• kanthu wamba zinthu mwadzidzidzi (zimakhudza zinthu zowononga ndi moto ES akhalabe mwa malo opangira, zimenezi mwamsanga inathetsedwa njira yekha ndi nyonga);
• m'deralo (mmene zinthu sichikupindulitsani ndi moto mwadzidzidzi amalimbikira mkati mudzi);
• Kupititsa (zimakhudza zinthu zowononga ndi moto ES uli mkati ndi nkhani yeniyeni: Republic m'dera m'mphepete mapangidwe yoyenda yokha);
• dera (mmene zinthu sichikupindulitsani ndi moto mwadzidzidzi Mumakhala nkhani zingapo la Russia);
• Federal (zimakhudza zinthu zowononga ndi moto ES chimakwirira anayi kapena nkhani zambiri RF);
• padziko lonse (mmene zinthu sichikupindulitsani ndi moto mwadzidzidzi kosaoneka boma).

Choncho, mwachidule pamwamba, izo sizikanakhala wabisa kwa kamodzinso kutsindika kuti bwino cholinga zofunika ntchito Sazengereza kuwachitira ndi woyenera wokhoza kuchita pasadakhale kupewa mavuto aakulu a zochitika zosiyanasiyana mwadzidzidzi, komanso ngati n'koyenera, mwamsanga kuthetsa mavuto awo.