Acid amathiridwa

Haidrojeni mankhwala enaake mpweya ndi za 1.3 nthawi yolemera kuposa mpweya. Iye alibe mtundu, koma ndi lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma lakuthwa ndi fungo khalidwe. Pa kutentha opanda 84C, mankhwala enaake a hydrogen mpweya amapatsirana boma madzi, ndi solidifies pa opanda 112C. Haidrojeni mankhwala enaake uli kusungunuka mu madzi. lita imodzi ya H2O akhoza kuyamwa mpaka 500 ml ya mpweya. The njira amatchedwa asidi ake amathiridwa kapena acid amathiridwa. Loyesayesa acid amathiridwa pa 20C, yodziwika ndi pazipita zotheka misa nusu ya thunthu zofunika kuti 38%. Yankho - wamphamvu monobasic asidi (mu mpweya "amasuta", ndi kupezeka chinyezi pamene kupanga nkhungu acid), alinso maina ena: hydrochloric, ndi pa Chiyukireniya nomenclature - asidi mankhwala enaake. Chilinganizo mankhwala akhoza akuimira mu fomu iyi: HCl. Molar misa ndi 36,5 g / Mole. Kachulukidwe wa acid amathiridwa kuikapo maganizo pa 20 ° C wofanana 1,19 g / cm³. Ichi ndi chinthu ndizopweteka wa m'kalasi yachiwiri ya ngozi.

Mu "youma" mankhwala enaake mtundu wa hydrogen sangathe kucheza ndi zitsulo yogwira, koma pamaso pa chinyezi zimene atuluka ndithu mwamphamvu. Asidiyu amphamvu hydrochloric akhoza kuchita ndi zitsulo onse amene ali kumanzere kwa haidrojeni mu mndandanda electrochemical. Komanso, wakwiya ndi zikuluzikulu ndi amphoteric oxides, zapansi ndi mchere ndi:

• Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2 ↑;
• 2HCl + CuO → CuCl2 + H2O;
• 3HCl + Fe (o) 3 → FeCl3 + 3H2O;
• 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ↑;
• HCl + AgNO3 → AgCl ↓ + HNO3.

Kuwonjezera katundu ambiri khalidwe lililonse asidi wamphamvu acid amathiridwa ali kuchepetsa katundu mu mawonekedwe kuikapo maganizo amachitira ndi zosiyanasiyana oxidizing wothandizira, kumasuka ufulu chlorine. Mchere wa asidi chlorides foni. Pafupifupi onse a iwo mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi ndi kwathunthu dissociate mu ayoni. Mouma sungunuka ndi: Patsogolo mankhwala enaake PbCl2, siliva mankhwala enaake AgCl, mercurous mankhwala enaake Hg2Cl2 (calomel) ndi cuprous mankhwala enaake CuCl. Haidrojeni mankhwala enaake akhoza kulowa Kuwonjezera anachita chimasanduka unsaturated ndi awiri kapena patatu akapolo, mmene chlorinated mankhwala organic anapanga.

Mu zikhalidwe choyezera mankhwala enaake a hydrogen analandira atadziŵa kuti ziume sodium kolorayidi ndi sulfuric asidi conc. Chisoni m'mikhalidwe yosiyana angayambe kupanga salt ndi sodium (kapena asidi sing'anga):

• H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl
• H2SO4 + 2NaCl → Na2SO4 + 2HCl.

Zimene woyamba udzadutsa pa moto wochepa, wachiwiri - pa apamwamba kutentha. Choncho, mu mankhwala enaake zasayansi wa hydrogen bwino kulandira njira choyamba, chimene kuchuluka kwa asidi sulfuric tikulimbikitsidwa kuti atenge mtengo wa chiphaso cha NaHSO4 asidi mchere. Ndiye, ndi Kutha mankhwala enaake a hydrogen mu madzi analandira acid amathiridwa. Makampani, iwo analandira ndi moto mu mlengalenga a haidrojini kapena chlorine zokhudza sodium kolorayidi youma (yekha kwachiwiri anachita aone kuti pali) wa sulfuric asidi conc. Komanso mankhwala enaake a hydrogen analandira monga chochokera mu chlorination mankhwala zimalimbikitsa organic. Makampani, mankhwala enaake a hydrogen akamagwira ntchito njira ina pamwamba anali kusungunuka mu nsanja apadera madzi wadutsa kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, ndipo mpweya yopezeka pansi oposa, i.e. pa mfundo yopatsirana.

acid amathiridwa chimadzera mu akasinja wapadera gummed kapena muli, komanso mabotolo mbiya 50 lita pulasitiki kapena galasi ndi malita mphamvu 20. Pamene zimene asidi ndi zitsulo pali chiopsezo cha zachiwawa haidrojeni-mpweya zosakaniza. Choncho, ayenera kwathunthu inathetsedwa chifukwa cha kulankhula anapanga wa hydrogen anachita ndi mpweya, komanso (kudzera zokutira anticorrosive) asidi kukhudzana ndi zitsulo. Pamaso outputting apparatuses ndi mapaipi, tinasunga kapena kusamutsidwa, kwa kukonza, m'pofunika kuchititsa asafe yoyeretsa ndi kuwunika udindo wa gawo mpweya.

Haidrojeni mankhwala enaake chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafakitale ndi zasayansi. Izo ntchito etching zitsulo yokonza kuphatikizapo monga reagent mu maphunziro mawunikidwe. acid amathiridwa amapangidwa ndi luso GOST 857-95 (malemba ndi zofanana kwa mayiko muyezo ISO 905-78), reagent - malinga GOST 3118-77. Ambiri mankhwala luso zimadalira ubwino ndi zosiyanasiyana ndipo kungakhale 31,5%, 33% kapena 35%, ndi mankhwala maonekedwe ndi chikasu chifukwa zili chitsulo chodetsa cha chlorine ndi zinthu zina. asidi zotakasika ayenera kukhala colorless ndi poyela madzi ndi nusu Unyinji wa ku 35 38%.