Amber ndi chiyani? Amber kachulukidwe

Amber - ndi utomoni wakale umene kakusintha fossilization. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti zaka Amber wa - zaka zoposa 40 miliyoni. Izi malasha organic, yomwe yakhala osalimba mchikakamizo cha mmene chilengedwe komanso inasanduka mwala wokongola yowala. Kodi makhalidwe a Amber, mchere kachulukidwe ndi katundu ena m'nkhani.

General maonekedwe

Amber chikukhudza mchere organic osati kupanga mibulu. Chemical chilinganizo - C10H16O, wopangidwa asidi succinic ali ndi kuchuluka kwa 3-8%. Miyala ncho padziko lapansi, pali particles tizilombo ndi zomera, umene ndi wofunika kwambiri mu makampani zodzikongoletsera.

Maminolo yodziwika ndi katundu zotsatirazi:

• Kuuma mkati 2-2.5-3.
• Transparency - zonse, sing'anga, kupanda chilungamo.
• Walani - ngati galasi.
• Kupezeka ndi pleochroism zisadzachitike.
• Luminescence - kuchokera mthunzi bluish-woyera kwa wobiriwira-chikasu.
• Iwo akhoza inasangalatsa pansi kukhululukirana.

Amber sungunuka ena chimasanduka mu mankhwala anachita.

mitundu mchere mu chikhalidwe

Mu chikhalidwe, Amber m'tsogolo mu mawonekedwe a mabungwe zamitundu yonse ku malo awa:

• pa mitengo ikuluikulu pambuyo otaya utomoni matabwa,
• pansi makungwa, mu m'maenje cavities ena.

Pafupi-pamwamba kumaliseche zimachitika mawonekedwe a sinters dontho zooneka ndi mbale interspersed ndi kulemba ndi nthambi, makungwa, mtengo thunthu.

Kumaliseche kwa mbali vnutristvolnyh zimapanga concave mbale m'mbali yopapatiza.

M'mikhalidwe zachilengedwe, mchere ndi chimakwirira kutumphuka mdima. wochindikala - kuchokera mamilimita 1 mpaka 4. Ndi mankhwala chosakwanira zambiri umasangalatsa mwala mtundu. Weathering kutumphuka amateteza mchere kwa zaka.

Secondary njira phula precipitates kuti anapanga mu nyanja ndi mtsinje madzi, zinthu glacial ndi miyala, ndi miyeso kakang'ono kuposa yaikulu ya.

Kulemera kukhala anapeza zidutswa Amber kungakhale kuchokera tuzigawo twa ochepa tidziwe kuti makilogalamu khumi kapena kuposerapo.

The Amber waukulu kwambiri Museum London ya History, kulemera kwake - 15 makilogalamu 250 magalamu.

kachulukidwe

Akatswiri ndi okonda mchere zambiri chidwi funso, kodi kachulukidwe mu Amber. Pa chuma ichi kuti amange.

Maminolo Amber, amene kachulukidwe ndi 0.97-1.10, anati kwa mapangidwe a m'madziwo izi. Ie madzi nyanja ali osalimba chomwecho. Choncho, nyanja mwala pops mmwamba, ndi madzi - M'malo mwake. N'chifukwa chake mchere uli khola ndipo alibe kufuta kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.

Mu nyanja zidutswa Amber tiwolokere momasuka pamwamba. Pa zikutsatiridwa Amber kachulukidwe ndi mu osiyanasiyana 1 1,18 g / cm³. Iwo anayeza ndi masekeli mu madzi katundu. M'dera Lviv ndi Amber, amene ali osalimba apamwamba. Iye ali 1:14. Mu Carpathians ndi Maritime Amber osalimba kwambiri m'munsi. Akatswiri amaonekera mu osiyanasiyana 1,04-1,1 g / masentimita ^3.

ndi osalimba a Amber m'mabaibulo asintha chiyani? chizindikiro ichi ikuwombedwa mchere apamwamba. Ndi 1,08 g / cm³. Mwachindunji ku bulauni kutumphuka wa weathering osalimba a 116 g / cm³. kachulukidwe apamwamba Amber mu g / cm3 toyesa ikuwombedwa nkhani miyala Ciscarpathia, ndi wofanana 1,15-1,22.

Kodi Mzimuyo mtengo uwu? Mu zina, mwala kachulukidwe mwachindunji zokhudzana pamaso zosafunika mu izo. Zimenezi zingakhale chitsulo, asafe, sulfure, zotayidwa. Mu miyala ndi zosafunika chitsulo ali osalimba apamwamba Amber, mu makilogalamu / M3 ndi 1220. Komabe, nthawi zina chinali ndi ubale zosiyana. Pamene akatswiri anayeza zimene kachulukidwe mu Amber pafupi ndi Lvov, izo zinalembedwa zinthu zosiyana. Pazimene awa, asayansi afike pomvetsetsa kuti kachulukidwe mchere anatsimikiza mtima zikuchokera kwa utomoni umene thanthwe unakhazikitsidwa.

Choncho, kachulukidwe avareji Amber - 1100 makilogalamu / m³, ili ndi phindu anatengedwa ndi sayansi ndi akatswiri mu kuwerengetsera awo.

katundu wina thupi

Lawi kandulo amatha kusungunula mchere, ndi pa kutentha 250-300 ° C imayambira kuwira. Pamene mkangano mwala wayamba tizipewa, yoyaka ndi fungo ku utomoni wa. Ndi pa mfundo imeneyi kusiyanitsa ovomerezeka kwa mchere yokumba.

Mu Middle Ages ntchito chuma mchere kufalitsa chodabwitsa fungo utomoni wonunkhira pamene mkangano, ndipo iwo fumigated chipinda.

Wa Amber mafuta analandira acid rosin.

Luso la mchere kukhala inasangalatsa ndi mikangano, kenako thereto amakopeka particles osiyanasiyana chabwino. chuma anali woyamba anatulukira akale Greek katswiri Thales. Kenako, kupeza nsakali a buluu Amber pa mikangano ya ubweya, mchere wotchedwa elekitironi.

Stone ali kwambiri kutchinjiriza magetsi.

gawo

Yaikulu Amber madipoziti ndi Palmnikenskoe m'dera Kaliningrad. Apa m'nthaka zinthu zambiri miyala ya mchere ya. Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti 90% ya nkhokwe dziko wambiri mwala wa m'deralo, ndi zaka zoposa 50 miliyoni.

Palmnikenskogo Ndiponso, m'dera Kaliningrad ali ena awiri Amber Malo: mwanyanja ndi gombe. m'zigawo mchere wochititsidwa ndi ntchito ananyema ndi Jets madzi osefukira nyumba nthaka.

Pafupifupi aliyense mita kiyubiki m'dziko ndi magalamu 500-600 a mchere, koma pali malo ndi 4.5 makilogalamu / m³. Kupanga pachaka buku la mchere ndi tonnes 300-350.

madipoziti Small akupezeka mu United States, Canada, Mexico, Romania, Germany, Dominican Republic, Ukraine.

mitundu

Mu chikhalidwe pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mwala uwu chodabwitsa, chiwerengero chawo kuposa 200. Ambiri:

1. Succinite - wotchuka kwambiri a mitundu yonse. Lili wambirimbiri asidi succinic. Succinite mtundu - oyera, achikasu, lalanje, wofiira.
2. Gless - bulauni mwala, zomwe ziribe chilungamo.
3. Gedanit - Yellow mchere popanda asidi succinic mu kapangidwe kake, ali mkulu brittleness chifukwa zochepa wa oxygen.
4. Stantienit - matope akuda-bulauni mchere kuti ali mkulu brittleness.
5. Bokkerit - kuwala-zolimba bulauni mchere.
6. Kistsellit - chikasu kapena maolivi Amber.
7. Shraufit - ofiira kapena wachikasu-wofiira mchere.
8. Blue Amber - mitundu rarest, kunachitika Dominican Republic. N'zovuta kwambiri, glows mu mdima. Mtundu buluu ya mchere izi zichokela ku zodetsa za phulusa la chiphala chamoto.
9. Green Amber - komanso buku la minda Republic. Chotero mtundu mchere anatembenuka chifukwa inclusions mpweya.

Mtundu ndi chilungamo

Amber mtundu phale amakhudza kwambiri - fungo lokoma wakuda. Ngakhale chidutswa chimodzi cha mchere akhoza kuphatikiza madigiri osiyana a chilungamo. Miyala ya amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana wa chilungamo anawagawa:

• mitambo;
• translucent;
• fupa;
• frothy.

Ngakhale zosiyanasiyana Amber ali uchi makamaka ofunda ndi mitundu chikasu. Nthawi zina atathana mtundu buluu - kuwala zikunena cornflower buluu.

Kodi Mzimuyo mtengo wa mchere kuti?

Price zimadalira kukula mchere chidutswa ndi mtundu.

Kuyambira kalekale anthu akhala ankaona mtundu chidali cha Amber woyera. Akatswiri amanena kuti zoterezi zikachitika zosafunika osachepera, ndi katundu kuchiritsa ya wolemekezeka koposa.

The Chinese ndi Japanese kuzindikira zosiyanasiyana mtundu chitumbuwa, amatchedwa "magazi chinjoka ndi". miyala awa a anthu a m'banja olamulira.

Mfumu Rima Neron adalipo ndege.

Mu Sicily, ndi mowonekera Amber lawi-akuda.

Mtundu mtengo kwambiri ankaona osawerengeka, ndi tinthu mchere interspersed ndi tizilombo, nyama, ndi ena Mumadziwika Amber, mwa omwe ali buluzi.. Chotero Mwachitsanzo ndi ataya zikwizikwi dollars. Koma zitsanzo zimenezi n'zochepa.

Mu mbiri ya nsombazi wofiira Amber, anayamba amakonda golide.

M'mayiko kum'mawa, makamaka n'zofunika woyera mchere mitundu imene kukakambirana mphamvu wamphamvu machiritso.

Masiku ano, khalidwe akuti ndi chikasu mchere ndi yunifolomu mtundu.

mankhwala

Kuyambira kale, mwala n'kukagwiritsa mankhwala. Ichi ndi chifukwa gawo la asidi succinic omwe ndi zamera-stimulator.

mchere ndi ntchito matenda:

• zilonda zapakhosi;
• chithokomiro;
• matenda khutu;
• kuukira mphumu;
• nyamakazi.

Lero, mchere nazonso ntchito:

• kuthetsa ululu mutu;
• mankhwalawa angina;
• ululu malo;
• kusintha kagayidwe;
• polera chitetezo chokwanira;
• normalization wa matumbo ntchito;
• Kupha njira yotupa.

Akukhulupirira kuti Amber kuchitira chotupa iliyonse.

Mu zochiritsira zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zinthu Amber ku tchipisi mwala akuwonjezeka mankhwala.

Ochiritsa amakhulupirira kuti mchere uli ndi ubwino thupi la munthu akhoza kuthandiza ku matenda aliwonse.

ntchito

Maminolo mwakhama ntchito polenga zodzikongoletsera. asidi Succinic opezeka mu mankhwala ena, ndipo ntchito mafakitale ulimi kulera mlingo wa zokolola. Akatswiri ntchito Amber kwa kupanga enamels ndi utoto. Lacquered zidutswa Amber pachikuto cha mipando, Kulumikizana, mitsuko kumalongeza. Ndi katundu wabwino chimateteza, Amber insulator mutuluka m'munda luso.