Apadera Olemba Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Wolemba mbiri Jules Michelet m'zaka za m'ma XIX, inali nthawi yoyamba anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "Kubadwa Kwatsopano". Oimba ndi Oimba, tikambirana chiyani m'nkhani ino a nthawi imene anayamba m'zaka XIV, pamene m'malo akale ulamuliro wa mpingo udafika chikhalidwe aboma, ndi chidwi chake pa munthu.

Music ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano

mayiko a ku Ulaya panthawi zosiyanasiyana, kulowa nyengo yatsopano. malingaliro A pang'ono kale a anthu anatuluka mu Italy, koma mu chikhalidwe nyimbo kulamulidwa ndi sukulu Dutch, kumene woyamba wapadera parametrized (m'misasa) zakhazikitsidwa pa tchalitchi, phunzitsani analemba m'tsogolo. The Mitundu yaikulu ya nthawi tikuonera tebulo pansipa:

Kwambiri analemba wotchuka wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano mu Netherlands - ndi Giyom Dyufai, Yakobo Obrecht, Josquin des Prez.

kwambiri Dutch

Johannes Ockeghem anaphunzitsidwa Notre Dame parametrized (Antwerp) ndipo mu 40 ntchentche za yopemphereramo XV m'ma anakhala chorister pa bwalo la Duke Charles I (France). Kenako, iye anatsogolera yopemphereramo nyumba yachifumu. Nakhala ndi zaka kucha akale, iye anasiya chuma chachikulu mu Mitundu yonse, atatsimikizira yekha ndi polyphonists kwambiri. Anafika ife mpukutu wa misa 13 otchedwa Chigi codex, mmodzi amene ali utoto pa 8 mavoti. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito osati kokha kwa anthu ena, komanso nyimbo zawo.

Orlando Lasso anabadwa mu chimene tsopano ndi Belgium (Mons) mu 1532-m. luso lake loimba anali ana aang'ono. Mnyamatayo kwathu ku nyumba katatu kuti woimba kwambiri. moyo wake onse anakhala mu Bavaria, kumene Albrecht V pa Duke bwalo zinthu ngati ndondomeko, ndiyeno anatsogolera yopemphereramo. timu yake kwambiri akatswiri anathandiza kusandutsa Munich ku European pakati music, anachezeredwa ndi Oimba ambiri otchuka wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Kwa iye tidafika kuphunzira luso monga Johann Eckard, Leonard Lechner, Chitaliyana D. Gabrieli. malo ake otsiriza mpumulo mu mamita 1594 wapeza pa dera la mpingo mu Munich, kusiya chuma chachikulu: kuposa 750 motets, 60 misa ndi mazana a nyimbo, Pakati wotchuka kwambiri Susanne zosagwiritsidwa jour. Luso chimasiyanitsa izo motets ( "Maulosi a Sibyls"), koma amadziwika zikomo nyimbo yadziko, amene anali kwambiri nthabwala (vilanella O Bella fusa).

sukulu Chitaliyana

Apadera Olemba Kubadwa Kwatsopano mu Italy kuwonjezera malo miyambo ya mwachangu osauka malangizo nyimbo (limba, chingwe & tiweramitse zida, limba). The chida ambiri anali lute, ndi kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XV panali harpsichord - kuloŵedwa m'malo a limba. Pamaziko a miyambo ya wowerengeka nyimbo kusanduka awiri otchuka sukulu ya zikuchokera: Roma (Giovanni Palestrina) ndi Venetian (Andrea Gabrieli).

Dzhovanni Perluidzhi Palestrina anatenga dzina la dzina la mudzi pafupi Rome, kumene anabadwira, natumikira monga waukulu mpingo limba ndi choirmaster. tsiku lake la kubadwa ndiyopenekela kwambiri, koma iye anafa mu 1594-m. Kuti moyo wautali analemba za 100 200 Misa ndi motets. Wake "Misa ya Papa Marcellus" zachititsa kusirira Papa Pius IV, ndipo anakhala chitsanzo cha Katolika nyimbo zopatulika. Giovanni - kwambiri wotchuka woimira kuimba amapilira popanda limodzi nyimbo.

Andrea Gabrieli, pamodzi ndi wophunzira ake ndi mphwake wa Giovanni ntchito mu nyumba yopemphereramo wa St. Maliko (XVI atumwi), "mitundu" kwaya kuimba limba phokoso ndi zida zina. Venetian School gravitated nyimbo yakale ndipo yopanga "Oedipus" ndi Sophocles pa siteji, Andrea Gabrieli Choir nyimbo linalembedwa, chitsanzo choral polyphony ndi nyengo yachisanu ikupita tsogolo la opera.

Features wa sukulu German

German dziko atapereka ndi Ludwig Senfl bwino polyphonist m'ma XVI, sizinawakhudze Komabe, mlingo wa olamulira Dutch. Songs a ndakatulo-woimba pakati osema (Die Meistersinger) - alinso wapadera nyimbo ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Oimba German akuimba Corporation: tinkers, shoemakers, weavers. Iwo anali ogwirizana ndi gawo. An nthumwi kwambiri a sukulu Nuremberg anayamba kuimba Gans Saks (zaka za moyo: 1494-1576).

Anabadwa mu banja la tailors, moyo wake wonse ntchito yokonza nsapato Akumenya erudition ndi zofuna nyimbo ndi mabuku. Iye ankawerenga Baibulo mu kutanthauzira kwa wokonzanso kwambiri Luther, anadziwa alakatuli wakale ndi waife Boccaccio. Woimba wowerengeka, Sachs anachita mitundu osati mwini wa polyphony, koma adalenga Nyimbo ya nyimbo nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Iwo anali pafupi kuvina, n'zosavuta kukumbukira ndi kukhala kayimbidwe kotani ena. The ntchito wotchuka anali "Silver tuna".

Kubadwa Kwatsopano: oimba ndi Oimba France

French chikhalidwe nyimbo moona machitidwe a Kubadwa Kwatsopano kokha m'zaka XVI, pamene nthaka chikhalidwe linakonzedwa mu dziko.

M'modzi wa ophunzira yabwino Kleman Zhaneken. Amadziwika kuti anabadwa mu Chatellerault (cha m'ma XV) ndipo anapita kuchokera kuimba mnyamata Wolemba munthu wa mfumu. Ya cholowa chake luso asungidwa yakale nyimbo lofalitsidwa Attenyanom. Iwo anali 260, koma kutchuka weniweni udachita ndi amene anapambana mayeso a nthawi "Birdsong", "Kusaka", "Skylark", "nkhondo", "Kulira wa Paris". Iwo kosalekeza tinalisindikizanso ndi ntchito ndi anthu ena chifukwa processing.

nyimbo ake akhala vociferous ndi zinkafanana ndi zithunzi choral, kumene kuwonjezera onomatopoeia ndi cantilena mawu amafuula pano udindo mphamvu ya ntchito. Zinali kuyesa molimba kupeza njira zatsopano zithunzi.

Pakati pa analemba wotchuka mu France - Guillaume Boilers, Zhak Modyui, Baifa Jean Claude Lejeune, Claude Gudimel, amapereka nyimbo yosungira zogwirizana, amene anathandiza kuti kuloŵerera nyimbo ndi kugulu.

Olemba Kubadwa Kwatsopano England

m'ma XV ku England zinachitika mchikakamizo cha ntchito ya John Dabsteyla ndi XVI - Uilyama Borda. Onse ambuye zinkangokhala nyimbo zauzimu. Mbalame anayamba limba pa Lincoln Cathedral, ndipo inatha ntchito yake mu Royal Chapel ku London. Kwa nthawi yoyamba iye anatha bwanji nyimbo ndi entrepreneurship. Mu 1575, mogwirizana ndi kupeka nyimbo za Tallis anakhala monopolist mu buku la ntchito nyimbo kuti simunabwere naye phindu. Koma anatenga nthawi yaitali makhoti kuteteza ufulu wawo katundu. Pambuyo pa imfa yake (1623) mu mapepala nduna ya m'tchalitchi, ankatchedwa 'tate wa nyimbo. "

Kodi anasiya analemba lalikulu la Kubadwa Kwatsopano? Mbalame pambali lofalitsidwa anthologies (Cantiones Sacrae, Gradualia) wateteza mipukutu yambiri, akuganiza oyenera okha ntchito zapakhomo. Lofalitsidwa madrigals ina (Musica Transalpina) anasonyeza chikoka chachikulu olemba Italy, koma Misa angapo ndipo motets analowa golide thumba la nyimbo zopatulika.

Spain Cristobal de A Morales

Oimira yabwino Spanish nyimbo sukulu anadutsa Vatican, kuyankhula mu nyumba yopemphereramo papa. Anaona kuti mphamvu ya Dutch ndi Chitaliyana olemba Choncho, ochepa okha anakwanitsa otchuka kunja kwa dzikoli. Kubadwa Kwatsopano analemba ku Spain anali polyphonists kulenga ntchito choral. Nthumwi yowala - Cristobal de A Morales (XVI atumwi), amene anatsogolera parametrized ku Toledo ndi wophunzira kuposa munthu wophunzira. A wotsatira wa Josquin des Prez, Cristobal privnos njira yapadera mu mndandanda wa ntchito otchedwa homophonic.

Kutchuka aakulu amene amadza awiri requiem Author (chatha - zisanu mavoti) ". Munthu zida", komanso Misa Iye analemba ndi ntchito yolembedwa (a cantata polemekeza pangano mtendere 1538), koma amanena za ntchito zake kale. Likupita mu mapeto a moyo wa yopemphereramo mu Malaga adakhalabe woyambitsa nyimbo zopatulika.

m'malo mapeto

Olemba Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi ntchito zawo kuti anakonza wotukuka wa zoimbidwa nyimbo za m'ma XVII ndi zikamera wa mtundu wanyimbo watsopano - kuimba nyimbo za opera amene m'malo ndi ndondomeko ya mawu ambiri akubwera Ukulu wa akutsogolera nyimbo. Iwo anapanga yojambula weniweni chitukuko cha chikhalidwe nyimbo ndipo chinali chiyambi cha luso ano.