Chigwirizano ngati chimodzi mwa mitundu ya zinsinsi

Imodzi mwa ntchito zazikuru za chitetezo chirichonse ndi kupereka kwa phindu kwa mwini wake, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo. Malinga ndi momwe mwini wakeyo amapezerapo ndalama, mgwirizanowo ukhoza kuponyedwa kapena kuchotsera. Chigwirizanochi chinawonekera pa msika wogulitsira, monga pepala, pomwe chikalatacho chinagwiritsidwa ntchito, pomwe peresenti ya zokolola ndi tsiku la kulandila zinawonetsedwa. Pambuyo pake, tsiku lina, mwiniwakeyo analandira ndalama pamtendere, ndipo chotsulocho chinachotsedwa.

Kotero, chikole chochotsapo ndi chitetezo cha zero-coupon, chifukwa sichiyika mlingo wobwerera. Mwini wa chitetezo chotero amachigula pa mtengo pansi pa mtengo wamtengo wapatali ndipo amalandira phindu kuchoka pa kuchotsera, ndiko kuti, ndi kusiyana. Msika wogulitsa ku Russia nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano woterewu. Chitsanzo chotsatira chachitsulo chochotsera ngongole ndi mgwirizano wa pulogalamu ya pulogalamu yaifupi ya boma, yomwe imagulitsidwa kuchokera kumagulitsidwe pamtengo umene umasiyana ndi mtengo wotchulidwa m'munsi.

Kawirikawiri, pakabweretsa chigwirizano, woperekayo amatsimikizira kufunika kwina kwa chitetezo ndi mlingo wa kubwerera kwa peresenti. Chikwama chogulitsira kawirikawiri chimakhala ndi chiwongoladzanja cha chiwongoladzanja, chomwe chimasonyezedwa pa mgwirizano wokha. Panthawi yonseyi, imalandira ndalama zamuyaya. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti n'zotheka kukhazikitsa chiwongoladzanja chomwecho nthawi zonse ngati chuma cha m'dzikoli chikhazikika, pamene mitengo ndi mitengo sizikhala zosasintha. Kupanda kutero, chiwongoladzanja chokhazikika chimakhudza zoopsa zazikulu kwa wopereka. Ngati chiwerengero cha chiwongoladzanja chikuchepetsedwa, adzayenera kulipira ndalama pamlingo womwe umakonzedwa panthaŵi yomwe akukambirana.

Mwachidziwikire, olemba mabukuwa adapeza njira yowongoka. Iwo anayamba kutulutsa mgwirizano ndi ziwongoladzanja za chiwongoladzanja. Mgwirizano woterewu unafalikira ku America m'zaka za m'ma 80, pamene chiwerengero chokhala ndi chiwongoladzanja chachikulu komanso kusintha kwawo kawirikawiri kunkawonekera. Kwa makampani zinali zopindulitsa kuthetsa mgwirizano ndi chiwongoladzanja chosasinthasintha, chomwe chinali chomangirizidwa ku chizindikiro china, chomwechonso chimawonetsa mkhalidwe wa msika wa ndalama mwazinthu zenizeni. Kawirikawiri chizindikiro choterocho chinali chokolola pa miyezi itatu yosungirako ndalama. Pamene chigwirizanocho chinayambika, chiwongoladzanja chimodzi chidaikidwa, ndiye patatha miyezi itatu, chiwerengerochi chinasinthidwa malingana ndi zokolola pamabuku. Nthawi zambiri, chiwongoladzanja cha chiwongoladzanja chikuphatikizapo zigawo ziŵiri: chiwongoladzanja cha chiwongoladzanja pa ndalama zopereka ndalama kuphatikizapo phindu lalikulu la 0,5%.

Ngati mukuyang'ana mkhalidwewu pa msika wazinsinsi wa ku Russia, chitsanzo cha mgwirizano woyandikana ndizogwirizanitsa ngongole za boma zomwe zili ndi zigawo zosinthika, kapena mgwirizano wongongole wa boma. Zokolola za womalizazo zinadalira pa zokolola pa GKO. Kulipira pamakalata a phukusi ndi nthawi, malinga ndi zikhazikitso zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa pokhapokha atapereka chigwirizanocho, ndalama zowonjezera zingapezeke kamodzi pa kotala, chaka cha chaka kapena chaka.

Nthawi zina mgwirizano ukhoza kuperekedwa ndi chiphaso chomwe chimalembetsa chiwongoladzanja, kuphatikizapo chitetezo chimagulitsidwa pa kuchotsera. Ndiye mwiniwake amalandira ndalama kuchokera ku chitetezo chotere "doubly": ali ndi malipiro owonetsera nthawi zonse, ndipo pamene kuwombola kulandira ndalama zina.

Pomalizira, ndikufuna kutchula pepala lofunika kwambiri ngati mgwirizano wabwino. Tidzayesa kumupatsa tanthauzo. Chigwirizano cha mtundu umenewu chimabweretsa ndalama pokhapokha ngati ali ndi phindu. Palibe ndalama, zopanda phindu. Mgwirizano wopeza ndalama ukhoza kukhala wophweka kapena wowonjezera. Pa mgwirizano wosavuta kwa zaka zapitazi, ndalama "zopanda ntchito" sizinalipidwe, ngakhale panthawi yomwe kampaniyo imalandira phindu lalikulu. Koma pazinthu zowonjezera ndalama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo zimaperekedwa momwe zingathere. Nthawi yosonkhanitsa nthawi zambiri imatha zaka zitatu zokha. Mwachidziŵikire, kampaniyo ikamachotsedwa, mgwirizano wochulukirapo ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa mabungwe ambiri komanso mabungwe osavuta.