Chintchito mu sayansi kompyuta: tanthauzo, mitundu, zitsanzo ntchito. Chithunzi chiphunzitso mu sayansi kompyuta

Udindo mu njira kompyuta maubale kudziwa amaphatikizidwa zinthu. Izi ndi zinthu zofunika akuphunzira chiphunzitso Zithunzi.

matanthauzo zoyambirira

Kodi mu Zithunzi mu sayansi kompyuta? Pamafunikanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu lotchedwa mfundo kapena mfundo, ena awiriawiri amene ogwirizana ndi mamita N.. nthiti. Mwachitsanzo, Zithunzi mu zimakwana (a) Amakhala ndi mfundo zinayi, amaimira A, B, C, ndi D, B ya zomwe chikugwirizana kwa aliyense wa ena atatu mfundo nthiti, ndi C ndi D ali unagwirizanitsanso. mfundo ziwiri moyandikana ngati ogwirizana ndi m'mphepete ndi. chithunzi limasonyeza njira ankaikira m'mene tingamangire chintchito mu sayansi kompyuta. Anzanu akuimira mfundo ndi mizere wolumikiza peyala ya iwo, ndi nthiti.

Kodi Zithunzi undirected amatchedwa sayansi kompyuta? Iye mgwirizano pakati pa malekezero awiri a nthiti symmetrical. Nthiti chabe zikugwirizana ndi mzake. Nthawi zambiri Komabe, m'pofunika kusonyeza ubwenzi asymmetric - mwachitsanzo, kuti mfundo A kwa B, koma osati mosemphanitsa. Cholinga ichi ndiye matanthauziro a Zithunzi mu kompyuta, komabe imakhala ya mfundo ndi ya m'mbali anawauza. Aliyense m'mphepete zochokera kugwirizana pakati pa mfundo amene malangizo ndi tanthauzo lake. Motsogoleredwa chintchito akamachita, monga tikuonera Chithunzi (b), m'mbali awo awa akuimira mivi. Mukafuna kutsindika kuti Zithunzi si mbali, umatchedwa undirected.

zitsanzo maukonde

Chintchito mu sayansi ya kompyuta ndi masamu chitsanzo cha nyumba maukonde. Chithunzi chotsatirachi chikusonyeza kapangidwe ka Internet, ndiye anatenga dzina la ARPANET, mu December 1970, pamene iye anali mfundo 13 zokha. The mfundo ndi processing malo ndi nthiti kugwirizana mfundo ziwiri feedforward therebetween. Ngati mulibe kulabadira United States woyikidwa mapu, ena fano ndi Zithunzi 13 mfundo wofanana ndi m'mbuyomu. Pankhaniyi, malo enieni a vertex si kofunika. Nkofunika zomwe mfundo olumikiza mzake.

Kugwiritsa chintchito mu kompyuta walola kuti muone zinthu ngakhalenso mwakuthupi, nawatsimikizira cholukanalukana mu dongosolo Intaneti. 13 mfundo ARPANET ndi chitsanzo cha maukonde kulankhulana amene makompyuta pamwamba kapena zipangizo zina angathe kupatsira mauthenga, ndi m'mbali kuimira kugwirizana mwachindunji pa mfundo zake zikhoza opatsirana.

zodutsa

Ngakhale chintchito ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana, iwo ali mbali wamba. Chithunzi chiphunzitso (sayansi kompyuta) zikuphatikizapo mwina zofunika ambiri a iwo - mfundo yakuti zinthu zambiri amayendetsa pamodzi m'mbali, sequentially amayenda mfundo ndi mfundo akhoza kuimitsa ndi flights pang'ono kapena zambiri kuchokera munthu kuti munthu Intaneti chikhalidwe, kapena wogwiritsa wa computer, zonse mipingo ingapo tsamba potsatira kulumikizana.

lingaliro Zimenezi tanthauzo la njira monga mndandanda wa mfundo zolumikizana m'mbali. Nthawi zina m'pofunika kuganizira njira kuti lili osati zigawo kokha, komanso ndondomeko ya m'mbali kulumikiza iwo. Mwachitsanzo, ndondomeko ya mfundo MIT, BBN, RAND, UCLA ndi njira mu ARPANET Intaneti Zithunzi. Ndime ya mfundo ndi m'mbali uyenera kubwerezedwa. Mwachitsanzo, SRI, STAN, UCLA, SRI Utah, MIT ndi njira. njira imene nthiti si mobwerezabwereza, wotchedwa unyolo. Ngati mfundo si mobwerezabwereza, umatchedwa unyolo yosavuta.

m'zinthu

mitundu makamaka chofunika kwambiri chintchito kompyuta - izo m'zinthu akuimira mphete dongosolo, monga ndondomeko ya mfundo LINC, choncho, CARN, HARV, BBN, MIT, LINC. Njira ndi nthiti zitatu, imene mfundo loyamba ndi lomaliza ndinu yemweyo, ndi ena osiyana, kuimira chintchito ozungulira mu sayansi kompyuta.

Zitsanzo: SRI adzizungulira, STAN, UCLA, SRI ndi yaifupi, ndipo SRI, STAN, UCLA, RAND, BBN Utah, SRI kwambiri wamkulu.

Vuto m'mphepete ARPANET wa Zithunzi ali kuzungulira. Ichi chidachitika mwadala, ngati aliyense wa iwo amalephera, kodi n'zotheka kusintha kwa mfundo wina ndi mzake. M'zinthu mauthenga komanso machitidwe zonyamulira pa redundancy - iwo kupereka maulendo zina njira ina mkombero. Intaneti chikhalidwe kawirikawiri noticeable m'zinthu. Mukapeza Mwachitsanzo, kuti pafupi sukulu mnzake wa msuweni mkazi wanu kwenikweni amagwira ntchito ndi mbale wako, ndi mkombero kuti tichipeza inu, mkazi wako, msuwani wake, bwenzi lake sukulu, wantchito wake (ie. E. Wanu mchimwene), ndipo potsiriza inu.

Kulumikizidwa Zithunzi: tanthauzo (sayansi kompyuta)

Mwachibadwa kukayikira ngati n'zotheka kwa wina ndi mfundo kuti ndi mfundo ina. The Zithunzi chikugwirizana ngati pali njira pakati pa awiri mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, ARPANET zopezera - chikugwirizana Zithunzi. The Tinganenenso chimodzimodzi za ambiri kulankhulana ndi zoyendera Intaneti, monga cholinga chawo kulongosola magalimoto ku mfundo wina ndi mzake.

Komano, palibe chifukwa zolemba kuyembekezera kuti machitidwe chintchito mu sayansi kompyuta zili ponseponse. Mwachitsanzo, mu maukonde chikhalidwe si zovuta kuganizira anthu awiri amene si wina ndi mzake.

zigawo

Ngati ndime si chikugwirizana ndi kompyuta, iwo mwachibadwa kugwera ya zidutswa ofanana, magulu a mfundo kuti amakhala ndi musati intersect. Mwachitsanzo, Chithunzi chikusonyeza magawo atatu amenewa: choyamba - A ndi B, wachiwiri - C, D ndi E, ndi wachitatu imakhala ndi mfundo otsala.

Zigawo za Zithunzi za kuimira kagawo wa mfundo, limene:

• lililonse subgroup vertex ali ndi njira china chilichonse;
• kagawo si mbali ya akonzedwa zikuluzikulu umene aliyense mfundo ali ndi njira china chilichonse.

Pamene chintchito mu kompyuta anawagawa zigawo zawo, ndiye kufotokoza koyamba njira dongosolo lawo. chigawo Izi zikhoza kukhala wolemera mu dongosolo mkati, nkofunika kwa kumasulira maukonde. Mwachitsanzo, njira mwamwambo chabe kudziwa kufunika mfundo ndi kudziwa mmene ziwalo zambiri adzagawanika chizengerezo; ngati mfundo atachotsedwa.

Zolemba malire chigawo chimodzi

Pali njira kwa ziyenera Mkhalidwe zigawo zikuluzikulu zamalumikizidwe. Mwachitsanzo, pali lonse malo ochezera pa Intaneti ndi kugwirizana pakati pa anthu awiri, ngati iwo ali abwenzi.

Kodi ukukhudzana? Mwina ayi. Zamalumikizidwe - katundu m'malo ikhoza khalidwe la mfundo imodzi (kapena akonzedwa ka iwo) kungachepetse kuti kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wosakwatira wopanda abwenzi wamoyo ndi chigawo ongokhala vertex limodzi, choncho, munthu wotchuka uja sati chikugwirizana. Kapena akumidzi otentha chilumba, wopangidwa mwa anthu amene asanaonane ndi dzikoli, kudzakhala yaing'ono chigawo cha maukonde, kutsimikizira incoherence ake.

Global zopezera abwenzi

Koma pali chinachake. Mwachitsanzo, wowerenga za buku otchuka ali ndi anzake amene anakulira m'mayiko ena ndi kuwapanga iwo chimodzi. Ngati ife kuganizira makolo a anzanga awa ndi anzawo, anthu onsewa alinso mbali yomweyo, ngakhale kuti ndinali ndisanamvepo za owerenga, amalankhula chinenero china, ndi pafupi iwo sanachitepo. Choncho, ngakhale maukonde lonse ubwenzi - osalumikidwa, owerenga adzaphatikizidwa chigawo ndi aakulu kwambiri, ozama ku madera onse a dziko, womwenso anthu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana komanso zoona, lili mbali yaikulu ya anthu padziko lonse.

Yemweyo akupezeka waika deta zopezera - lalikulu, Intaneti zovuta zambiri ndi chigawo pazipita, limene lili ndi chiwerengero kwambiri za mfundo zonse. Komanso, maukonde zikuphatikizapo chigawo chimodzi pazipita, ndi nthawi chimodzi chokha. Kuti timvetse mfundoyi, m'pofunika kuti abwerere chitsanzo amalumikizana lonse la ubwenzi ndi kuyesa kuyerekezera kuli zigawo ziwiri pazipita, aliyense wa imene imakhudza anthu ambirimbiri. Zimafunika ndi nthiti imodzi pa ena a chigawo choyamba wachiwiri kwa zigawo pazipita awiri ophatikizidwa mu chimodzi. Popeza m'mphepete chimodzi chokha, nthawi zambiri ndi tingaganize kuti sanali kupangidwa, choncho zigawo ziwiri pazipita mu Intaneti alipo n'komwe.

Nthawi zina kawirikawiri, pamene zigawo ziwiri za pazipita co-analipo kwa nthawi yaitali maukonde weniweni, ukwati wawo anali zosayembekezereka, kwambiri, ndipo pamapeto pake, ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa.

Ngozi chigawo pophatikizana

Mwachitsanzo, kubera anthu ofufuza European mu chitukuko cha Western dziko lapansi pafupi theka Zakachikwi zapitazo, kunali chiwonongeko lonse. Ku maganizo a maukonde, izo zinkawoneka ngati izi: zaka zikwi zisanu ochezera a pa Intaneti padziko lonse, mwina inkakhala Ziphona ziwiri zikuluzikulu - imodzi North ndi South America, ndi zina - mu Europe ndi ku Asia. Pachifukwa ichi, luso ali kusanduka payekhapayekha mu zigawo ziwiri, ndipo oipitsitsa, monga anayamba ndi matenda anthu, ndi zina zotero. D. Pamene zigawo ziwiri potsiriza kuwonana luso ndi matenda mwamsanga ndipo disastrously pomizika chachiwiri.

American High School

Lingaliro la mbali pazipita lipindulitsa pa mfundo za pa Intaneti pa kotereku. Chitsanzo chidwi ndi Zithunzi za zimene ubale mu US sekondale nyengo miyezi 18. Popeza kuti lili mbali pazipita n'kofunika pankhani kufala kwa matenda, matenda opatsirana pogonana, zomwe cholinga cha phunziroli. Ophunzira mwina anali bwenzi limodzi pa nthawi, koma, koma mosazindikira, akhala m'gulu la zigawo za pazipita, ndipo chotero, mbali mwa njira ambiri angathe kufala. nyumba zimenezi ubwenzi kuti mwina nthawi inatha, koma iwo kulumikiza anthu unyolo motalika, kwa nkhani chofufuzidwa kwambiri ndi miseche. Komabe, iwo ndi enieni: mmene mfundo chikhalidwe osaoneka, koma macrostructures pamapeto anatuluka monga mankhwala a pokambiranapo payekha.

Distance ndi kupingasa-loyamba kufufuza

Kuwonjezera zokhudza kaya mfundo ziwiri ogwirizana njira, chiphunzitso Zithunzi mu sayansi kompyuta limakupatsani kuphunzira za m'litali - mu zoyendera kulankhulana kapena kufalitsa uthenga ndi matenda, komanso ngati icho chimapita kupyola nsonga angapo kapena angapo.

Kuti tichite zimenezi umakhala ndi njira kutalika wofanana ndi chiwerengero cha zinthu zimene muli zoyambirira ndi zomalizira, mwachitsanzo. E. Chiwerengero cha konsekonse mu ndondomeko izo ziri. Mwachitsanzo, MIT, BBN, RAND, UCLA njira ali ndi kutalika 3, ndi MIT, Utah - 1. Kugwiritsa kutalika kwa njira, tikhoza kunena kuti ngati mfundo ziwiri imakonzedwa mu ndime pafupi wina ndi mnzake kapena kutali mtunda pakati pa mapiri awiri kumatanthauza kukhala ndi kutalika njira yachidule pakati pawo. Mwachitsanzo, mtunda pakati pa LINC ndi SRI ndi 3 Komabe, kuonetsetsa izi, ndikofunikira kuti atsimikizire pakalibe kutalika wofanana ndi 1 kapena 2, therebetween.

Kupingasa-loyamba kufufuza aligorivimu

Mtunda yaing'ono Zithunzi awiri mfundo kuwerengetsa mosavuta. Koma zovuta pali kufunika njira mwadongosolo kudziŵa mtunda.

Njira kwambiri zachilengedwe kuchita zimenezi, choncho zothandiza kwambiri ndi izi (mwachitsanzo, zopezera lonse la abwenzi):

• abwenzi onse amayesedwa ili pa mtunda wa 1.
• abwenzi onse abwenzi (osati kuwerenga kale) kulengezedwa pa mtunda 2.
• Anzawo onse (kachiwiri, osati kuwerengera anthu kuwanena) analengeza pa kutali mtunda 3.

Kupitiriza mu njira iyi, ntchito yofunafuna ikuchitika zigawo wotsatira, omwe - pa wagawo pa imodzi yapita. Aliyense wosanjikiza atsopano wapangidwa ndi mfundo zimene nawo anthu m'mbuyomu, ndipo anagwa m'mphepete ku vertex a wosanjikiza m'mbuyomu.

Njira imeneyi imatchedwa kupingasa-loyamba kufufuza, monga iye amafufuza ndime kuchokera mfundo koyamba, makamaka kuphimba lotsatira. Powonjezera popereka njira kuti tipeze malo, zingatithandize kukhala kothandiza chimango cilamulo kulinganiza kapangidwe ndi Zithunzi komanso mmene kumanga Zithunzi a kompyuta, ndi nsonga zochokera patali kuchokera poyambira amodzi.

Kupingasa-loyamba kufufuza ungagwiritsidwe osati kwa zopezera anzawo, komanso kuti Zithunzi iliyonse.

dziko Small

Mukapita ku zopezera lonse la abwenzi, mukhoza kuona kuti mfundo imeneyi Akufotokoza a chigawo pazipita kwenikweni amavomereza chinthu china: osati wowerenga ali zodutsa anzake, yolumikiza iye ndi chiwerengero kwambiri alionse padziko lonse, koma Munjila zimenezi ndi n'zosadabwitsa lalifupi .

Mfundo imeneyi imatchedwa "ang'ono chodabwitsa dziko" dziko limaoneka laling'ono, ngati mukuganiza za zimene yochepa njira zikugwirizana anthu awiri.

Chiphunzitso cha "handshakes isanu" anayamba experimentally ankafufuza ndi Stanley Milgram ndi anzake mu m'ma 1960. Popanda akonzedwa aliyense deta ochezera a pa Intaneti, ndi bajeti ya $ 680, anaganiza onani lingaliro otchuka. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, iye anafunsa 296 osankhidwa mwachisawawa initiators kuyesera akutumiza kalata ku stockbroker, amene ankakhala mu mzinda wa Boston. Initiators anapatsidwa ena zambiri zanu za cholinga (kuphatikizapo adiresi ndi ntchito), ndipo iwo anali kutumiza kalata kwa munthu amene ankadziwa dzina, ndi malangizo chomwecho, kotero kuti cholinga cha mwamsanga. Aliyense kalata wopyoza manja angapo a anzake anapanga unyolo atseka kwa osintha katundu kunja kwa Boston.

Mwa maunyolo 64 kuti tafika chandamale, pafupifupi kutalika anali zisanu ndi chimodzi, kutsimikizira chiwerengero cha dzina lake zaka ziwiri izi zisanachitike mu sewerolo Dzhona Gera mutu.

Ngakhale kuti zolakwa zonse phunziro ili, kuyesera anasonyeza chinthu chimodzi chofunika kwambiri tamvetsa Intaneti chikhalidwe. Zaka kuchokera ilo linapangidwa timapangira mapeto: Intaneti amakonda ndi njirazo yochepa kwambiri pakati awiriawiri owonjezera a anthu. Ndipo ngakhale ngati kugwirizana mozungulira ndi atsogoleri a zamalonda ndi atsogoleri andale samapereka okha tsiku ndi tsiku, kuli njira zimenezi lalifupi n'chofunikira lalikulu mu liwiro la kufalitsa mauthenga, matenda ndi zina matenda m'deralo, komanso kupeza mwai kuti ochezera amapatsa anthu ndi makhalidwe ndithu zosiyana.