Cloning: ubwino ndi kuipa kwake. Mfundo zotsutsana cloning anthu

Cloning ndi imodzi mwa nkhani kwambiri kusiyana maganizo mankhwala kwa zaka zambiri: woyanjidwa ndi ubwino ambiri ndi kuipa kwa njirayi. Kutchula koyamba za oyeserera ali pachibwenzi 1963 chaka. Ndi pamene akuti adayamba ntchito zachibadwa ku UK.

zofunika terminology

Akatswiri ntchito matanthauzo angapo mawu "choyerekeza". Nthawi zambiri, mawu zikusonyeza chamoyo, amene anaonekera kudzera vnepolovoe kubalana ndipo anasunga mudziwe majini kwa mayi ake. Kapangidwe jini chinaonekeranso mwa ndondomeko cloning. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti ndi buku mtheradi. Genotype iwo zofanana mwamtheradi. Koma pambuyo katundu wawo nadgeneticheskim oyeserera zingasiyane. Iwo akhoza kukhala osiyana kukula, mtundu, chiwopsezo kuti matenda.

Mwachitsanzo, nkhosa wotchuka Dolly anali mokwanira buku phenotypic maselo nkhosa amene ntchito kupanga ake. Iye anali ndi unyinji wa pathologies, chifukwa chimene iye anafa ali aang'ono. Ndipo kwa iye kuti palibe nkhosa matenda sanali. Atabadwa Dolly, anayamba kulankhula za mwayi vnepolovoe kubalana anthu. Ochepa a kumbali ya nthambi imeneyi ya zamoyo kusiya choona kuti pafupifupi 85% ya anthu amene ankafuna kuti oyeserera kutha zoopsa. Koma izi m'madera unexplored - si mfundo zokha ndi cloning.

potentiality

Pa alipo, molawirira kwambiri kulankhula za kubalana makope yeniyeni ya anthu. Koma osati kuchita cloning izi: ubwino ndi kuipa mopitiriza kafukufuku m'dera tikhoza kupeza zambiri za mfundo. Koma musaiwale kuti ntchito imeneyi amakhala ndi mwayi ambiri.

Kotero, m'modzi wa m'madera ambiri zingamuthandize ndi kupatsidwa zina. Pakuti ndi kumuika limba sitiyenera kuyang'ana kwa mwiniwake, kutsimikizira ngakhale opaleshoni kudikira ndi kupemphera, kuyamba ndondomeko ya kukana. Cloning kukula thupi mwamtheradi zofanana ndi kumuika izo.

Komanso, ambiri amanena kuti ndi mwayi mabanja wopanda mwana amene safuna kutenga mwana oterewa. Komanso, cloning kuti kupewa ambiri matenda otengera kwa makolo. anthu ambiri amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono izi pofuna kupewa ukalamba ndi imfa yachibadwa.

Ndi zovuta kunena zimene zidzachitike m'tsogolo cloning. Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mfundo ndi amphamvu mbali zonse. Koma mbali ndi adani a munthu kusewera nkhani za mbali zosiyana za ndalama.

Iwo amakhulupirira kuti sayansi adzatha kuti manyuroni kuti akhoza m'malo maselo mitsempha mu ubongo, akufa chifukwa cha kudwala matenda Parkinson. Komanso mu madongosolo kulenga maselo pancreatic kuti akhoza kupanga mankhwala achilengedwe mu thupi la odwala matenda ashuga.

Ziletso pa zatsopano

Ngakhale kuti asayansi ali kutali ndi kukhala Ngokhoza kulenga buku wodzala ndi thanzi la munthu, pa mlingo malamulo udatha zoletsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, UN kulengeza wapadera, lomwe limati za inadmissibility kukwaniritsa zatsopano chotero kubalana anthu, cloning wakhala otukuka. Against (zikuchokera malamulo Mwamwayi ofufuza za yekha umboni) chitukuko cha matekinoloje wachita mamembala 84 okha. Koma kulengeza werera mu United States, mu East mu maiko Arab, mu Latin America ndi Africa.

Azinji alonga mokomera kupitiriza kukhala luso, kuchititsa choti cloning. Koma pa yomweyo anthu amakhalabe chomveka. Ubereki luso ndi cloning yoletsedwa m'mayiko oposa 30. Ena mwa iwo ndi Russia, mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya, Japan, China, Israel.

Komabe, asayansi kupitiriza choyerekeza mazira. Akukhulupirira kuti malowa akhale kusintha mankhwala. Maganizo awo, madokotala ntchito njira zamakono amakono awa ndi mwayi kupambana angapo matenda monga Alzheimer, Parkinson kapena matenda a shuga. Geneticists amakhulupirira kuti malamulo oletsa aliyense amathanso kuteteza makhalidwe abwino, makhalidwe, koma likupita kuchiwonongeko wa anthu amoyo. Kumvetsa maganizo ake nkhaniyi, m'pofunika kudziwa mfundo zonse m'misasa zigawenga. Ndiye kuti aliyense adzakula azitha kusankha okha ndi kumvetsetsa mmene zikutikhuzira zamakono. Ambiri muli pasukulu kuwerenga zina zabwino zonse ndi kuthandauza mbali zonse za ndalama otchedwa "cloning:. Ubwino ndi kuipa" Nkhani yaikulu kumathandiza kovuta maganizo awo nkhaniyi.

ngozi pachiswe

Ponena za kufunika liletse luso onse yokumba ubereki anthu akuopa kuti madokotala sangakhoze bwino kuthana ndi zinthu sayansi. Ngakhale kukula kwambiri mobisika kuzindikirike ndi bwalo lonse la anthu. Mwachitsanzo, izo zinachitika ndi zida za nyukiliya. Choncho, ulamuliro wa sayansi ndi kufalitsa ake n'zosatheka.

Ngakhale mwayi zonse zoperekedwa ndi cloning anthu, "chifukwa" ndi "kutsutsa" m'pofunika kuonanso bwino bwino. Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko cha matekinoloje akhoza kumasula manja a limati aukali, magulu a zigaŵenga. Iwo adzatha kulenga thupi Hardy khamu la anthu, osati wolemedwa ndi nzeru. Komanso, kudzakhala kotheka kuti alenge oyeserera olamulira dziko ndi kuchepetsa yonena awo, kuti chipwirikiti cha moyo andale.

Koma akulankhula za iyo, anthu ambiri kuiwala kuti Kuti choyerekeza anthu mu m'badwo zaka monga 40, m'pofunika kuwoloka zaka 40. Ndipotu, iwo kukula mu mofanananso ndi anthu wamba. Komanso amafunika kupeza makolo omwe amavomereza kubereka ndi kulera mwana anaipanga. Choncho, pofuna kupeza asilikali oyeserera, m'pofunika zapita zaka zosachepera 20-25.

Ngozi ina imene yatsala ndi anthu adzatha pulogalamu kugonana Napempha kwa mwanayo. Mwachitsanzo, mu China kapena dziko Muslim, kumene kubadwa kwa mnyamata adalipo, kungakhale vutoli yaikulu.

Komanso musaiwale kuti umisiri zoberekera sichinafike wangwiro. Asayansi aphunzira mmene ndiponso kubereka nkhani chibadwa, koma kulenga kuchokera izo yotheka buku n'zovuta kwa iwo. Pakuti geneticists - si chifukwa kuti asiye. Popanda mudziwe zambiri n'zosatheka kukhala ntchito imeneyi.

mfundo zina

Anthu ambiri sizilingana umisiri ubereki chifukwa chakuti sindikumvetsa, inu mufunira cloning anthu. Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa zifukwa iwo sali bwino. Otsutsa kunena kuti munthu - chilengedwe wapadera ndi zosavomerezeka kwa kukopera izo. Malinga ndi iwo, ndi pansi pa ulemerero wa anthu. Koma iwo amayiwala kuti zizindikiro zofanana mapasa zofanana. dziko lawo pafupifupi 150 Mill.

Ambiri chonyansa lingaliro la cloning. Koma uwu si chifukwa amaletsa kafukufuku m'munda umenewu. chisankho pa kusewera mtundu wawo ayenera kumwedwa kokha mwa anthu okha. Apo ayi, anthu akumanidwa ufulu ufulu wosankha kulimbikitsa. Othandiza modzipereka amadabwa chifukwa cloning ndi zonyansa kuposa Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kugonana.

Koma pali mfundo zina ndi cloning anthu. Choncho, kutengera malamulo kungachepetse zosiyanasiyana chibadwa cha anthu pa dziko. Anaipanga mbewu adzakhala ofooka, sitichedwa matenda osiyanasiyana. Ndipo uyu adzakhala kutsogolera kwa kukula kwa mlili wa AIDS. Koma ichi m'pofunika choyerekeza kwenikweni ataliika pa ulusi mafakitale. Pa dziko la anthu biliyoni 6. Ngakhale kudzakhala oyeserera miliyoni, ndiye ndalamazo adzakhala negligible zimakhudzanso zosiyanasiyana si genotypic. Koma ngakhale buku la munthu aliyense, iwe biliyoni 6 makope osiyana.

Kumvetsa zimene cloning, inu ndinu kapena otsutsa zodabwitsazi, tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti ndondomeko imeneyi sizingafanane ndi kukonza majini. Ngakhale majini si kusinthidwa mwa njira iliyonse ndi sidzasinthika, koma liwonerere. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti pali chithunzi cha munthu popanda kusintha kulikonse. Iye sangakhoze kukhala ndi chilombo kapena chilombo. Zotsatira kungangochititsa ntchito njira majini zomangamanga, mmene DNA ndi kusinthidwa.

mbali zikuyenela

Adani a lingaliro la cloning anthu kwambiri za chakuti kubalana Mabaibulo anthu achinyengo. Komanso ndi kuti Amathandiza mpingo. Koma anthu achipembedzo ambiri amatsutsidwa kuti umisiri onse ubereki, kuphatikizapo lidzawagwiritsenso. Iwo amanena kuti chilengedwe cha munthu, chinsinsi cha maonekedwe a kubadwa kwake ayenera kukhala phunziro kwa Mulungu yekha. Man sayeneranso kulowerera pa nkhani zimenezi.

Koma akuluakulu a tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox kuti ziwalo payekha, zimakhala, nyama akhoza kuimba. Koma iwonso kutsutsa wathunthu kubalana anthu. Komabe, iwo si funso limeneli, asayansi osati ayesedwa mwasayansi cloning. "Ubwino" ndi "kuipa" ali zawo. Orthodox kunena za mbali koyenela ya nkhaniyo. Choyamba, iwo kufunsa kuti anthu amve bwanji pamene iye apeza kuti iye kwathunthu buku munthu. M'pofunikanso, ndipo anatsatira malamulo. Kodi choyerekeza wa wolandira munthu amene wakhala mwiniwake? Kaya iye adzapitiriza ulendo wake?

Komanso, n'zoonekeratu kuti losavuta cloning anthu zimavuta kuleka. Iwo akufuna kuphatikiza ndi kukonza majini. Kuti, ngati ntchito imeneyi adzakhala otukuka, ambiri adzafuna kuchita ufulu patsogolo buku. Mwachitsanzo, adzafunafuna kuonjezera kupirira thupi, kusintha mphamvu maganizo, yotithandiza ziwalo munthu, bwanji maonekedwe.

mchikhalidwe konsekonse anazindikira za makhalidwe abwino

Ponena za anthu ochepa ndikuganiza za ubwino cloning ndi kuopsa chayandikira cha mmene ndondomeko izi zimachitika. Choncho, kukula matupi maselo tsinde embryonic ntchito yabwino. Pambuyo pafupifupi pasanathe masiku 14 iwo anayamba kupanga ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe thupi. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti 3-4 maselo tsiku abwino cloning luso.

Pakuti cloning ya maselo tsinde abwino ambiri pluripotent. Mwa iwo anapanga ziwalo zonse ndipo zimakhala, koma simungathe recreate limodzi chamoyo. Ndi panthawi imeneyi, geneticists ndi kulimbikira kwambiri. Kwa zaka zambiri, pali zokambirana yogwira amaweruza kuti ndi koyenela kuti choyerekeza mazira anthu "chifukwa" ndi "kutsutsa" pamsasa uliwonse ndi zabwino mokwanira. Choncho, adani a simutopa kukumbukira kuti maselo amenewa ntchito mazira abortive.

Pakuti matupi ankachita izi zosinthika cloning. Ndisanaumbidwe wakula kwa zaka miyezi itatu. Kenako amachoka mu chiberekero yokumba ndipo anaikidwa malo wosabala, umene kuthandiza ndondomeko ya moyo wake. Malinga ndi otsatira a chiphunzitso chimene chakhala wamkulu motere thupi si munthu kapena choyerekeza zonse. Iwo amawatcha iwo gulu la ziwalo zimavuta, chifukwa chikumbumtima cha ayi unatha ntchito pamene kuchotsa mimba. Ndi zolinga zawo chitukuko cha mankhwala ubereki amatsutsa cloning otsutsa.

maganizo geneticists

Akatswiri nawo kulima sayansi ya maselo amoyo kudzera yokumba amati n'zosatheka kupeza buku zofanana munthu wokhalapo. Pambuyo aumbike, majini komanso mavuto amene anakulira. Ndipo n'zosatheka recreate. Anthu akuganiza kusewera anthu otchuka, othamanga kwambiri, geniuses, koma iwo amayiwala kuti ambiri kokha chofanana. Kupanga buku mofanana pachiyambi, sikutheka.

Komanso kambiranani za mwayi wamng'ono kwambiri. Choncho pamene achabechabe kukanganira za chikhalidwe ndi kuchita zokambirana pa mutu "Cloning:. Ubwino ndi kuipa" Tsopano ofufuza akhoza kutenga minofu mwiniwake, ataika dzira wopanda chuma chake chibadwa, kukula mwa izo blastotsilu. Koma pambuyo pake, m'pofunika kudzala chiberekero. Pamene kukula Dolly nkhosa analengedwa 277 oyeserera a iwo anakhala ku chiberekero okha 29. Mwa nambala iyi, analandira imodzi yokha yotheka nkhosa.

Zatsopano pa mbewa akanena kuti kupeza mbewu Choncho nkotheka. Koma chilema chobisika limapezeka nyama zimenezi. Kunja, ali kwathunthu wathanzi. Koma m'badwo uliwonse iwo poipa anagonjera cloning.

Ngakhale akatswiri alibe ntchito kunena kuti matekinoloje ali otetezeka. Iwo akhoza kunena chimene iwo akudziwa za ubwino ndi kuopsa anafunsa mwa cloning ( "chifukwa cha" kapena "ndi"). Nkhani pa nkhani ya aliyense wa iwo adzatha kusonyeza zimene zoopsa zina zimayambitsa experimenters.

Kuipa akatswiri diso

Chibadwa omasuka ndi zimene amagwiritsa ntchito mazira kafukufuku, si nkhawa mbali achipembedzo funso, kapena makhalidwe abwino ndi za chikumbumtima mbali. Iwo akhoza kuganiza za mfundo zina ndi cloning. Koma, mu lingaliro lawo, iwo ikukhudzana okha chakuti ntchito imeneyi zimalira kufufuza zina.

Choncho, pamene akatswiri zikuonekeratu kuti cloning sangakhale m'malo chonde achilengedwe. Koma chifukwa chimene lililonse oyeserera m'badwo ndondomeko n'kovuta kupeza si koma n'zotheka. Pali awiri Mabaibulo chachikulu. Pa mmodzi wa iwo, ndi wina cloning "slizivyvaetsya" mapeto a DNA amatchedwa "telomere". Izi zimapangitsa kuti n'zosatheka kupitiriza kukopera. Koma kopanda ichi anali akutsutsa kudzera zatsopano pa mbewa. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, ndi chifukwa chakuti oyeserera thanzi chatsika ndi mbadwo uliwonse akudutsa. Koma sanathe umboni.

mwanzeru

Kulankhula ngati kusewera munthu kapena zamoyo zina, akhoza kukhala wopandamalire. Ndipotu, zidzatero mpaka magulu omenyanawa kuti akhoza kulankhula pa mutu "Cloning:. Ubwino ndi kuipa" Table kuti adzasonyeza zonse za ubwino ndi kuthekera ndi kuipa kwa njira ndi chodziwikiratu kuthandiza iwo kuyanjanitsa. Ngakhale adzakupatsani lililonse munthu mwayi chimatanthauza maganizo awo.

Empirically, chinapezeka kuti ngakhale kukopera DNA sapereka mpata zofanana ndi chamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, ndi mphaka anaipanga anali mumtundu kuposa mayi ake - woperekayo zakuthupi chibadwa. Ambiri ankaganiza kuti njira imeneyi adzakhala "adzaukitsa" mphaka, chiyembekezo kwambiri kufika ngakhale kusewera anthu makedzana.

Choncho, ganizirani cloning, monga nthambi ya ubeleki Medicine, pa nthawi iyi, palibe. Koma kuno ndi kukhala umatha m'munda achire ngati nkotheka. Mukapita Mwa njira iyi, chiwerengero cha otsutsa ndi yokhudza ufiti yafupika. Kuti tichite zimenezi, tingaganizire mokoma zonse zimene zimakhudza njira yotchedwa cloning. "Pakuti" ndi "kutsutsa" akhoza mwachidule anafotokoza motere. Ubwino waukulu monga mwayi kuchiza matenda oopsa ambiri, khungu kukonza, kuwotcha akhudzidwa, limba m'malo. Koma otsutsa kunena kuti m'pofunika kukumbukira za mbali makhalidwe zikuyenela za nkhani yakuti matekinoloje tinapangidwa kupha moyo unayamba (mazira amene maselo tsinde la atengedwa).