Crystallization ndi kusungunuka ndandanda wa zosintha m'chigawo akaphatikiza wa thunthu

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za crystallization ndi kusungunuka. Mu chitsanzo cha limati osiyanasiyana loitanirana madzi anafotokoza, mochuluka bwanji kutentha zofunika yozizira koopsa ndi thawing ndi chifukwa makhalidwe amenewa ndi osiyana. Izo zimasonyeza kusiyana pakati pa poly- ndi timibulu wosakwatiwa, komanso kuchulukitsa kwa kupanga otsiriza.

Kupita m'dera lina akaphatikiza

Munthu wamba akuganizira zimene kawirikawiri koma moyo pa mlingo pa chimene alipo tsopano, sizikanatheka kukanakhala opanda sayansi. Ndi chiyani icho? A funso lovuta, chifukwa ambiri a njira zikuchitika pa mawonekedwe a amalanga angapo. Zochitika zimene kuloza m'dera la sayansi ndi zovuta, ndi crystallization ndi kusungunuka. Zingaoneke, chabwino, kodi n'zovuta: padali madzi - wakhala ayezi, chinali chachitsulo mpira - wakhala dziwe la zitsulo madzi. Komabe, njira yeniyeni ya kusintha kwa wina boma la loitanirana wina chosowacho. Physics kukwera zambiri m'nkhalangomo, koma molondola pa mfundo zimene amayamba kusungunuka ndipo crystallization wa matupi sizinachitike analandira.

Kodi tikudziwa

Chinachake kuti anthu adakali amadziwa. Mfundo limatsogolera ndi crystallization mwachilungamo mosavuta anatsimikiza empirically. Koma zonse si yapafupi. Aliyense akudziwa kuti madzi chimasungunula ndipo amaundana pa ziro madigiri Celsius. Komabe, madzi ndi zambiri osati chabe kumanga ongolankhula, enieni kuchuluka. Musaiwale kuti limatsogolera ndi crystallization ndondomeko si yomweyo. Ice kyubu wayamba kusungunula kale kuposa chimodzimodzi ukufika madigiri ziro, madzi mu beaker woyamba ali ndi timibulu ayezi pa kutentha zomwe pang'ono kuposa chizindikiro lonse lapansi.

Paokha ndi mayamwidwe kutentha pa kusintha kwa boma zosiyanasiyana loitanirana

Crystallization ndi kusungunuka zolimba limodzi ndi zotsatira zina matenthedwe. M'chigawo madzi molekyulu (kapena zina maatomu) ali cholukanalukana si zolimba kwambiri. Ndendende chifukwa cha ichi, iwo angathe "otaya." Pamene thupi amayamba kutaya kutentha, maatomu ndi tinthu anayamba zimawathandiza kapangidwe yabwino kwambiri. Choncho, crystallization amapezeka. Nthawi zambiri zimadalira zinthu zakunja analandira yomweyi mpweya graphite, diamondi, kapena fullerene. Choncho osati kutentha komanso chikoka kuthamanga pa njira adzatuluka crystallization ndi kusungunuka. Komabe, kuti awononge dongosolo la galasi la kugwirizana okhwima, izo zimatengera mphamvu mowonjezera, choncho kuchuluka kwa kutentha kuposa kuti kulenga iwo. Choncho, nkhani adzakhala amaundana mofulumira kuposa kusungunula njira m'mikhalidwe chimodzimodzi. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa zobisika kutentha, ndipo amasonyeza kusiyana tafotokozazi. Kumbukirani kuti kutentha zobisika ndi zosagwirizana ndi kutentha ndipo ngati amasonyeza kuchuluka kutentha chofunika kusungunula ndi crystallization zinachitika.

Kusintha mu mphamvu kusintha kwa boma lina akaphatikiza

Monga tanenera kale, chiwerengero ndi khalidwe la olumikizirana limati madzi ndi olimba zosiyana. Boma madzi amafuna mphamvu zambiri Choncho, maatomu kusuntha mofulumira zonse kumalumpha kuchokera pa malo wina ndi mzake ndi kulenga kulumikiza zosakhalitsa. Popeza matalikidwe a oscillations wa particles zikuluzikulu, ndi madzi ali buku wamkulu. Pomwe kugwirizana olimba zolimba, aliyense atomu vibrates za udindo wa mgwirizano, iye sangathe kusiya malo ake. nyumba imeneyi imafuna malo zochepa. Kotero kuti limatsogolera ndi crystallization zinthu limodzi ndi kusintha mu Volume.

Katundu Ankagawana ndi crystallization madzi

Izi madzi wamba ndi zofunika za dziko lapansi, monga madzi mwina amangotchula kumathandiza chachikulu m'miyoyo ya anthu pafupifupi onse amoyo. Tafotokozazi ndi kusiyana pakati pa kuchuluka kwa kutentha wofunikila crystallization ndi kusungunuka zinachitika, komanso kusintha mu mphamvu kusintha mkhalidwe wa loitanirana. Ena mwaiwala zimene malamulo onse ndi madzi. Haidrojeni mamolekyulu osiyana mu mkhalidwe madzi ngakhale mwachidule chikugwirizana, kupanga ofooka, komabe ziro haidrojeni nsinga. Ikufotokoza lalikulu kwambiri kutentha mphamvu madzimadzi ichi konsekonse. Tikumbukenso kuti madzi, mauthenga awa saletsa. Koma udindo wawo pa kuzizira (mwa kulankhula kwina, crystallization) mpaka kumapeto akhala bwinobwino. Komabe, munthu ayenera kuvomereza kuti ayezi ya misa yemweyo ali buku kuposa madzi. Zimenezi ndi kuchititsa kwambiri za kuwonongeka kwa Intaneti zofunikira, Nawalanditsa kwambiri za mavuto kutumikira anthu awo.

Osati kamodzi kapena kawiri nkhani inadutsa mauthenga amenewa. M'nyengo yozizira, ndi kukatentha chipinda cha kumidzi panali ngozi. Chifukwa cha snowstorms, ayezi ndi katundu chisanu analibe nthawi galimoto mafuta. Madzi aziwapatsa Kutentha ndi n'kudzandigunda, batire, wautali ofunda. Ngati si nthawi kukhetsa, kusiya dongosolo osachepera pang'ono kanthu, ndipo ndi bwino kuti ziume, iwo amayamba kupeza yozungulira kutentha. Nthawi zambiri, mwatsoka, pa nthawi iyi pali katundu frosts. Ndipo ayezi akugwera mapaipi, kusiya palibe mwayi moyo wosangalatsa m'miyezi ikubwerayi. Ndiye, ndithudi, kuthetsa ngozi, ngwazi Zochitika Emergency Utumiki, kuswa kudzera Mkuntho ndi kuti amakhala ndi ndege matani angapo a khala aziti iyeyu n'ngwabwino ndi kuikira osauka ndi oopsa ozizira wotchi kusintha machubu.

Chisanu ndi zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa

Poganiza ayezi, ife nthawi zambiri timaganiza za cubes ozizira mu kapu ya madzi kapena expanses lalikulu la mazira Antarctic. Chipale amaona anthu monga chinthu chapadera, zomwe zikuoneka kuti zifukwa madzi. Koma kwenikweni ndi ayezi yemweyo, basi atapanga mu dongosolo, amene amasankha mawonekedwe a. Iwo amati awiri zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa zofanana mu dziko lonse kulibe. A wasayansi ku United States ananyamula nkhaniyo kwambiri ndipo watsimikiza zikhalidwe chopezera kukongola izi hex anakhumba mawonekedwe. choyezera angapereke ngakhale Mkuntho wa zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa chithunzi lolipiridwa ndi kasitomala. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, matalala, chisanu ndi monga, ndi chifukwa chidwi kwambiri za ndondomeko crystallization - kuchokera nthunzi ndipo palibe madzi. Kutembenukanso thupi olimba kamodzi wagawo gaseous amatchedwa sublimation.

timibulu Single ndi polycrystalline

Aliyense waona chito yozizira ayezi pa galasi mu basi. Iwo anapanga chifukwa kutentha mkati galimoto ali pamwamba ziro Celsius. Ndipo pambali, anthu ambiri kupuma pamodzi ndi mpweya m'mapapo awiriawiri, kupereka chinyezi wamkulu. Koma galasi (zambiri zochenjera Single) ndi pa yozungulira kutentha, kuti ndi oipa. Madzi nthunzi, kukhudza izo mwamsanga wotaya kutentha ndi kwasanduka boma olimba. Wina galasi timitengo ndi mzake, aliyense wa mawonekedwe izi ndi zosiyana pang'ono kuchokera yapita wina, ndipo mwamsanga kukula wokongola dongosolo asymmetrical. Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha polycrystalline. "Pole" - kuchokera Latin "kwambiri". Pankhaniyi, ena microparts amaphatikizidwa mu amodzi umodzi. china chilichonse zitsulo - Nthawi zambiri polycrystalline. Ndipo apa ndi mtundu wangwiro wa zachilengedwe khwatsi prism - ndi galasi umodzi. Mu dongosolo lake, palibe amene adzapeza zolakwa ndi mipata, pomwe mabuku polycrystalline malangizo zidutswa imakonzedwa mosintha ndi sanagwirizane ndi mzake.

Yamakono ndi zoyang'anira

Koma zipangizo zamakono amafunika koyera kwathunthu timibulu limodzi. Mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi yamakono aliyense lili mu kuya pakachitsulo kukumbukira ake amafotokozera. Palibe atomu mu zonse m'buku lino ndisasunthidwe ku malo abwino. Aliyense ayenera kutenga malo ake. Apo ayi, m'malo zithunzi udzapeza phokoso linanena bungwe, ndipo koposa zonse, chonyansa.

Zoyang'anira, zipangizo usiku m'masomphenya amafunika okwanira chochuluka timibulu umodzi kuti atembenuke cheza infuraredi mu kuwala kuwoneka. Njira kwa chiwerengero chawo kukula, koma aliyense amafuna kuwerengetsera makamaka samalani ndi zolondola. Kodi analandira timibulu wosakwatiwa, asayansi timvetsetse kuchokera zithunzi gawo, i.e. ndikuyang'ana pa Zithunzi za limatsogolera ndi crystallization la mankhwala. Pangani chithunzicho kovuta Choncho, zipangizo asayansi n'chofunika kwambiri makamaka asayansi amene akufuna kupeza mfundo zonse zopanikiza.