Homologs - ulamuliro, otsiriza njira divergence

Mu zoyambirira za m'ma XIX asayansi German E.Gekkelem ndi F. Müller kwambiri embryological ndi poyerekeza maphunziro anatomical kunachitika, zikubweretsa chilengedwe cha chilamulo biogenetic, ndi chitukuko cha malingaliro za analogies, homologies, zoyamba ndi atavism. Nkhaniyi khama kuphunzira gulu lotero la zamoyo zokhala ndi moyo homologues matupi. Iwo inafalitsidwa mu zomera ndi nyama zinthu dziko thupi lake mbali ali ndi magwero ofanana ndi dongosolo wamba dongosolo, ngakhale kunja akhoza zimasiyana kwambiri. Kodi zachititsa kuti maonekedwe awo?

zimayambitsa

njira chisinthiko kunachitika anthu a zinthu zamoyo ndipo ndi maziko a microevolution. Zikamera wa mitundu yatsopano zotheka chifukwa kudzikundikira mu zamoyo kusiyana zazikulu zonse, zokhudza onse kapangidwe ndi ntchito zawo. Dongosololi kumabweretsa zikusiyana mbali morphological ndi anatomical kuwonekera ngati yankho thupi kusintha zinthu zachilengedwe, wotchedwa divergence. Homologues - ndi gawo la thupi anthu amene akhala pansi kusankha zamoyo, ndipo anapanga chifukwa cha anatengera malo awo. Iwo anaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane mu njira ya zinyama. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Features ya kapangidwe ka nyama peresenti

The forelimbs nyama zigwirizana mafupa yemweyo: kwa humerus, ulna, zozungulira, carpal, metacarpal ndi phalanges. Koma zosiyanasiyana mmene chilengedwe pa evolyuchii woyikidwa zipsera monga mawonekedwe a forelimb chigoba ndi pa ntchito yake. Wokwanira kuyerekeza maonekedwe, mawonekedwe ndi miyeso ya mbali ya thupi, mwachitsanzo, ndi giraffe, nyani kapena Mole. divergence kuti ndi maziko a maonekedwe a matupi monga homologues. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi maphunziro poyerekeza anatomical osati mwa magulu osiyana a nyama, komanso dziko la zomera. Tiyeni tikambirane mu ndime yotsatira.

Kusinthidwa ziwalo vegetative

Pa ontogeny wa zomera za dziko osati kuti tikhale zatsopano, komanso kusintha mbali za thupi lanu. Mu zomera, chodabwitsa wotchedwa ndi kusinthidwa mbali vegetative, ndipo ankamuona ngati chipangizo chimene zayamba m'kupita kwa phylogeny. Penyani zingakhale anthu a Dipatimenti ya zomera maluwa. Ali umenewu umatipatsa zikamera wa nyumba monga homologs. Izi anawonetseredwa mu mawonekedwe a zochita dziphunzitsiranso kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Amadziwika kuti mizu ya zomera zonse mbewu kukhala ndi mizu embryonic pa dongosolo limodzi, ndipo amachita wamkulu mitundu yonse ya ntchito: fixation mu nthaka, chilimbikitso woyamwa ndi kunyamula njira madzi ndi mchere. Komabe, maonekedwe akunja a mizu akhoza zimasiyana kwambiri, ngati iwo anayamba kugwira ntchito yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, magazi ndi mizu stilted wa pandanus, amakula m'madambo otentha.

Iwo amachita mmunsi mwa tsinde kuti amatanganidwa madzi, kuteteza izo kuchokera lawola. Maluwa mlengalenga mizu magazi ziwalo mobisa - iwo ali nawo m'zigawo mabuku ena ndege kupuma zomera. Kutumikira monga mosungiramo wambirimbiri wowuma ndi mankhwala ena organic, muzu wa Beet ndi karoti, Yerusalemu atitchoku ndi dahlia korneklubni. Onse zosintha awa - homologues. zamoyo izi ananena molondola, chifukwa zogwirizana ndi mnzake, komanso ndi mfundo zonse za dongosolo mobisa a thupi - muzu.

Homology mu thupi

Oyimira a gulu la inakhala, womwenso Homo sapiens, ndi umodzi dongosolo Kapangidwe ka dongosolo locomotor, makamaka, ndi ofananira gawo - msana.

Koma munthu ali makamaka anatuluka monga anatengera kuti kuyenda woongoka, mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe a msana akufanana kalata Latin S. Komanso, mu mafupa a nthambi chapamwamba, wopangidwa mwa fupa chomwecho, monga nyama, phalanx ya chala chachikulu ndi ankatsutsa ena zala zinayi kuti ndi chifukwa cha luso ntchito ntchito. Homologues onse mwa zitsanzo zimenezi chikanachitika mu ndondomeko ya anthropogenesis.