Chilankhulo zolembalemba - ziri ... History of Chirasha zolembalemba

chilankhulo zolembalemba - ali imene kwalembedwa anthu ena, ndi zina zambiri. Ndiko chinenero pali sukulu, kulemba, mogwirizana chikhalidwe, kulenga ndi zikalata zofunikira-ntchito, ntchito ya sayansi, zopeka, utolankhani, ndi zinthu zina zonse luso, amene m'mawu, nthawi zambiri olembedwa, koma nthawi zina m'kamwa . Choncho osiyana pakamwa-olankhulidwa ndi olembedwa-book mawonekedwe a chinenero mabuku. mogwirizana awo, ndi pakutchulidwa chiŵerengero imvera ena malamulo nkhani.

tanthauzo losiyana

chilankhulo zolembalemba - chodabwitsa chimene m'njira yakeyake amamvedwa ndi asayansi osiyana. Ena amakhulupirira kuti mtundu lonse yekha kukonzedwa mbuye mawu, mwachitsanzo olemba. Gululi njira imeneyi mumtima makamaka mfundo chinenero zolembalemba, kunena nthawi yatsopano, ndipo nthawi yomweyo anthu ndi kochulukira akuimira mu zopeka. Kwa ena, chinenero zolembalemba - Bukhu, ntchito imene imakhudza moyo kulankhula, mwachitsanzo, chinenero chimene chinkalankhulidwa. Kuthandizira kutanthauzira ichi ndi zinenero za kulemba ndi yaitali. Komabe ena amakhulupirira kuti ndi chinenero konsekonse kwambiri kwa anthu makamaka, motsutsana ndi jargon ndi zinenero zina zambiri kuti alibe kufunika konsekonse. chilankhulo zolembalemba - zonse ndi chifukwa cha olowa kulenga ntchito ya anthu. Amenewa ndi kufotokoza mwachidule mfundo za.

Ubale wa m'zilembo zosiyanasiyana

chidwi ziperekedwe kwa mogwirizana ndi malumikizanidwe a m'zilembo ndi chinenero mabuku. Maziko a mbiriyakale ya chakale chosiyanasiyana khola, chinenero zolembalemba zovuta kwambiri kuphatikiza linguistically mamembala onse a fuko. Mpaka tsopano m'zilembo bwinobwino mpikisano ndi obscheliteraturnogo chinenero m'mayiko ambiri, monga Indonesia, Italy.

Lingaliro nazonso ntchito ndi masitayilo zinenero zimene zilipo mmalire a chinenero chilichonse. Iwo akuyimira zosiyanasiyana, omwe apanga mbiri ndi mmene muli m'ndandanda wa makhalidwe. Ena mwa iwo uyenera kubwerezedwa mu masitayilo ena osiyanasiyana, koma mtundu wa ntchito ndi osakaniza yeniyeni mbali kusiyanitsa kalembedwe wina ndi mzake. Lero, ambiri onyamula ntchito colloquial ndi chitachitika mawonekedwe.

Kusiyana chitukuko cha chinenero mabuku mitundu yosiyanasiyana

Mu Middle Ages ndipo masiku ano ndi anthu mbiri zosiyanasiyana chinenero mabuku anayamba mosiyana. Yerekezerani Mwachitsanzo, udindo umene unali ndi chikhalidwe Latin mu Latins German ndipo oyambirira Middle Ages, ntchito anachita mu England, ndi chinenero French pamaso m'ma 14, mogwirizana kwa Latin, Czech, chinenero Polish m'zaka za m'ma 16, etc.

Kukula kwa zinenero Asilavo

Mu nthawi imeneyo anapanga ndipo anayamba mtundu, anapanga mgwirizano malamulo zolembalemba. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri mu kulemba choyamba, koma nthawi zina ndondomeko udzachitika imodzi ndi kulemba ndi pakamwa. The Russian State 16-17 zaka mazana nthawi ya ntchito kuti canonization ndi streamlining malamulo ntchito chinenero boma pamodzi ndi mapangidwe amafuna yunifolomu chonenedwa Moscow. The ndondomeko amapezeka ena m'mayiko Asilavo, komwe kuli yogwira chitukuko cha chinenero mabuku. Pakuti Chisebiya ndi Chibugariya ndi zochepa wamba, monga Serbia ndi Bulgaria sanali malo abwino kwa kukula kwa malo malonda ndi chinenero boma pa maziko a dziko. Russian komanso Polish ndi kumlingo ndi Czech ndi chitsanzo cha chinenero dziko Asilavo zolembalemba, amene anakhalabe kukhudzana ndi kulemba wakale.

Anakhala kugawanitsa njira mwambo wakale wa chiyankhulo cha Amalawi - ndi Chisebokroshiya ndi Chiyukireniya gawo. Komanso, pali zinenero Asilavo, amene safuna mosalekeza. Pa siteji zina za chitukuko ichi ankafunika, kotero zikamera wa peculiarities dziko zinenero m'mayiko ena kwachititsa yopuma ndi akale, zaka mwambo olembedwa kapena mtsogolo - M'makedoniya, Chibelarusi zinenero. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane mbiri ya chinenero mabuku m'dziko lathu.

Mbiri ya Chirasha zolembalemba

The wamkulu zolembalemba zipilala zimene zasungidwa, akale 11. The ndondomeko kutembenuka ndi mapangidwe chinenero 18-19 zaka Russian zinachitika pa maziko yotsutsa ake French - chinenero olemekezeka. Mu ntchito za upamwamba Russian mabuku akhala kwambiri kuphunzira nkhope yake, mitundu chinenero kuyamba. Writers anatsindika chuma chake ndipo anatchula ubwino ndi ulemu zilankhulo zakunja zachilendo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, nkhani zambiri uka. Amadziwika Mwachitsanzo, spores ndi slavophiles pakati pa azungu. Kenako, mu Soviet Union, anali atatsimikiziridwa kuti chinenero chathu - chinenero cha omanga chikominisi, monga masiku a ulamuliro Stalin ngakhale kugwira ntchito yapadera lonse ndi cosmopolitanism mabuku Russian. Ndipo tsopano akupitiriza kuumba mbiri ya Chirasha mabuku dziko lathu, chifukwa kumachitika mosalekeza kusintha.

m'nthano

M'nthano mu mawonekedwe a mawu, miyambi, nkhani, nthano mizu mu mbiri lakutali. Zitsanzo m'nthano wadutsa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo, ku mawu a pakamwa, ndipo zili zabwino ikukonzekera iwo kuti okha ambiri anakhalabe ma khola ndi mawonekedwe a chinenero atsopano monga chinenero anayamba.

Ndipo pambuyo anabwera olembedwawo anapitiriza kulibe nthano. Kuti wamba folklore masiku ano Chinawonjezeka mzinda ndi ntchito, komanso mbala (ie ndende msasa) ndi asilikali. M'nthano lero Ambiri anayimiridwa mwa nthabwala. Komanso amakhudza olembedwa chinenero mabuku.

Monga Kutacha chakale Lazaro zolembalemba?

Kufalitsa ndi oyamba kulemba Russia, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale chinenero zolembalemba, kawirikawiri kugwirizana ndi mayina a Cyril ndi Methodius.

Mu Novgorod ndiponso mizinda ina pakapita zaka 11-15 anali makungwa birch. Mbali yaikulu ya otsala ndi makalata achinsinsi amene anali wa chikhalidwe cha malonda komanso zikalata monga timva bwalo, ngongole za agulitsidwe, malisiti, akalola. Palinso anthu (malangizo pa chuma, miyambi, nthabwala sukulu, ziwembu), zolembalemba, ndi achipembedzo malemba, komanso kujambula, anavala khalidwe maphunziro (scribbles ana ndi zojambula, kokoka sukulu, malo, Morse).

Chosavuta m'chaka 863 abale Cyril ndi Methodius Church Chisilavo zilembo zinali zochokera chinenero monga Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi kumene kunachitika kumayambiriro kwa South Asilavo m'zilembo, kapena kani, ku chinenero akale Chibugariya, chilankhulo chake Makedoniya. The ntchito mabuku a abale kwenikweni anamasulira mabuku a Chipangano Chakale ndi Chipangano Chatsopano. ophunzira awo amasuliridwe kuchoka m'Chigiriki kupita Old Church mabuku ambiri achipembedzo. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti Kirill Ine Mefody anayambitsa zilembo Chigilagoliti ndi Chisililiki sali, ndipo iwowa wakhala akupangidwa ndi ophunzira awo.

mpingo Chisilavo

The chinenero cha buku, osati analankhula, anali mpingo. Unafalikira pakati pa mitundu yambiri Asilavo, amene ankakhala monga chinenero mpingo wa chikhalidwe. Mpingo Chisilavo Literature yafalikira Moravia pa Asilavo kumadzulo, ku Romania, Bulgaria ndi Serbia - kum'mwera, ku Czech Republic, Croatia, Wallachia, komanso mu Russia, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity. chilankhulo mpingo Chisilavo anali wosiyana kwambiri ndi malemba analankhula anali pansi pa kusintha makalata pang'onopang'ono Russified. Mawu akuyandikira kwa Russian anayamba kuonetsa mbali khalidwe la m'zilembo za lokolo.

The mabuku galamala zoyambirira inalembedwa mu 1596 Zinaniem Lawrence mu 1619 - Meletios Smotritskaya. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17 izo kwenikweni anamaliza ndondomeko kupanga chinenero monga Mpingo.

m'ma 18 - kusintha chinenero zolembalemba

MV Lomonosov m'zaka za m'ma 18 zinalengedwa kusintha chofunika kwambiri chinenero mabuku a dziko, komanso dongosolo la versification. Iye analemba mu 1739 kalata imene iye anakonza njira zoyambirira versification. Lomonosov, natsutsana Trediakovskij, analemba za kufunika kuimika mphamvu ya chinenero chathu osati kubwereka kwa machenjelero ena osiyana. Malinga Mikhail Vasilyevich, kulemba ndakatulo kungakhale mapazi ambiri: ziwiri syllable (trochaic, iambic), ternary (amphibrach, anapaest, dactyl), koma ankakhulupirira kuti magawano ndi Sponda ndi pyrrhics cholakwika.

Komanso, Lomonosov analinso galamala sayansi Chirasha. Iye anafotokoza m'buku lake, mwayi wake ndi chuma. Galamala anali tinalisindikizanso nthawi 14 Anakhalanso maziko a tsogolo ntchito ina - galamala Autograph (linalembedwa mu 1771), yemwe anali wophunzira wa Mikhail Vasilyevich.

The chinenero chamakono mabuku dziko lathu

Mlengi wake akuti dzina lake Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin, amene ntchito - pamwamba ofotokoza m'dziko lathu. nkhani yolembedwa Ichi ndi zogwirizana, koma mu zaka mazana awiri otsiriza m'chinenero lasintha kwambiri, ndipo lero Tingaone zoonekeratu kusiyana stylistic pakati chinenero ndi chi chinenero cha Pushkin. Ngakhale kuti malamulo a chinenero chamakono zolembalemba lero zasintha ife amaona kuti chitsanzo mankhwala a Alexander.

Wolemba ndakatulo yekha azungu anatchula mbali yaikulu mu mapangidwe chinenero mabuku, NM Karamzin, monga wolemba ulemerero mbiri, malinga ndi Alexander, kumasuka ku goli la chinenero china Russian ndipo anayambiranso ufulu wake.