Asilavo limati. Mapangidwe limati Asilavo. Mbendera limati Asilavo

mbiri imati woyamba boma Asilavo anatuluka mu nthawi anailemba V m'ma BC. Mozungulira nthawi ino, Asilavo anasamukira ku mabanki a Dnieper Mtsinje. N'kumene iwo anali ogaŵikana nthambi ziwiri mbiri: kum'mawa Balkan. mafuko kum'mawa anakakhala pamodzi ndi Dnieper ndi Balkans - kuti wotanganidwa pa Balkan Peninsula. Asilavo limati mu dziko lero zatenga m'gawo lalikulu ku Ulaya ndi Asia. Anthu amene moyo, ndi kukhala wochepa ofanana ndi mnzake, koma wamba mizu kuonekera zonse - miyambo ndi chinenero wotere panopa yapamwamba akuti, ngati mtima wa.

Funso la zosayembekezereka wa statehood mwa Asilavo kwa zaka zambiri amanditenga asayansi. Ikani patsogolo kwambiri ziphunzitso, omwe mwina si wopanda maganizo. Koma kuti apange maganizo, m'pofunika kuti adziwane bwino ndi osachepera zofunika.

Pamene boma anauka kwa Asilavo: ndi kopanda kuti Varangians

Ngati ife kulankhula za mbiri ya statehood wa Asilavo akale m'mbali zimenezi, asayansi ambiri amadalira ziphunzitso zingapo, zimene Ndikufuna tikambirane. Baibulo ambiri tsopano kuti pamene woyamba Asilavo boma, akuti ndi Norman kapena chiphunzitso Varangian. Iwo anatuluka pa mapeto a XVIII atumwi ku Germany. Oyambitsa ndi inspirers maganizo awiri asayansi German: Teofilo Siegfried Bayer (1694-1738) ndipo Gerhard Friedrich Müller (1705-1783).

Mu lingaliro lawo, mbiri ya limati Asilavo kapena Norman ali Masewerera a Nordic mizu. Mfundo imeneyi pundits anachita, bwinobwino anaphunzira "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" - pa opus wakale analengedwa ndi mmonke Nestor. Palidi kugwirizana anailemba 862, chaka, chakuti akale mafuko Asilavo (krivichi, Chud ndi Slovenia) wotchedwa m'mayiko awo pa ulamuliro wa Varangian akalonga. Pamaso chabe, ndatopa osatha internecine ndewu ndi mdani kuukira kuchokera kunja, ndi mafuko angapo Asilavo anaganiza adzalumikizana pansi pa utsogoleri wa Normandy, ankatengedwa pa nthawi imeneyo odziwa kwambiri ndi bwino Europe.

Mu masiku akale mu chitukuko cha boma maphunziro asilikali zinachitikira utsogoleri wake kunali kofunika kwambiri kuposa chuma. Ndipo mu mphamvu ndi zinachitikira akunjawo kumpoto mosakayikira. nkhondowo asilikali awo anaukira pafupifupi onse magawo kuli anthu a ku Ulaya. Mwina, zochokera bwino kwenikweni asilikali, monga mwa chiphunzitso Norman, ndi Asilavo wakale ndi kuti alowe ku chigawo cha Varangian akalonga.

Mwa njira, dzina lokha - Russia, ankati anabweretsa ndendende Norman akalonga. Nestor ndi mbiri mfundo izi momveka ndithu anafotokoza mu mzere "... ndipo muli abale atatu ndi mabanja awo, ndipo pamodzi ndi iye adatenga zonse Yairo. Komabe, mawu otsiriza m'nkhani imeneyi, molingana ndi azambiriyakale ambiri, akuimira zambiri kumenyana kumuwombera, mwa kulankhula kwina - ndi wazankhondo. Komanso Dziwani kuti atsogoleri Norman, monga ulamuliro, panali kulekana pakati pa boma ndi asilikali poyamba generic detachment umene limatchedwa "Kirch". M'mawu ena, zikhoza kapadera kuti mafumu atatu kupita ku dziko ya Asilavo, osati ndi squads ankhondo, komanso ndi mabanja apamwamba kalasi. Monga ochiritsira nkhondo kulondera abale asanu ndi awiri adzakhala ayi, zivute zitani, ndi bwino udindo wa chochitika. Norman akalonga a mafuko analandira pempho ndi kuopsa changu ndi kukhazikika oyambirira limati Asilavo.

"Kodi apita dziko Russian"

chiphunzitso china chidwi n'chakuti amakhala "Scandinavia" ananena mu Russia wakale anali wazankhondo. Umboni kamodzinso kwa chakuti Asilavo wakale kubetcherana chimodzimodzi pa atsogoleri zankhondo. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha asayansi German, ozikidwa pa buku la zochitika za m'masiku a Nestor, ndi Varangian kalonga anakakhala pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Ladoga, ndipo chachiwiri anakakhala pa magombe a White Lake, wachitatu - mu Izoborsk. Pambuyo zimenezi, malinga ndi mbiri, ndipo anapanga oyambirira limati Asilavo, ndi dziko pamodzi anadziwika dziko Russian.

Komanso mu Nkhani wake Nestor anasimba nthano ya zosayembekezereka wa wotsatira banja lachifumu la Rurik. Zinali Rurik, atsogoleri a mayiko Asilavo, ndipo tidali ana a kwambiri lodziwika bwino akalonga atatu. Iwo akhoza zimachitika woyamba "ndale utsogoleri osankhika" limati wakale Asilavo. Pambuyo pa imfa ya makonzedwe "kukhazikitsidwa atate" mphamvu ankadutsa wake m'bale wake, Oleg, yemwe ndi zokhota ndi ziphuphu anagonjetsa Kiev, ndi Kenako ndinalowa North ndi South Russia mu boma limodzi. Malinga Nestor chinachitika mu 882 chaka TH. Monga Tingaone umboni, boma mapangidwe chifukwa cha bwino "ulamuliro kunja" Scandinavia.

Russian - ndani izi?

Komabe, asayansi adakali kukangana za mtundu weniweni wa anthu otchedwa. Norman chiphunzitso otsatira amakhulupirira kuti mawu akuti "Lazaro" anachokera mawu Chifinishi "ruotsi", umene Finns kuitana asilikali a Sweden m'zaka IX. Chidwi komanso n'chakuti ambiri akazembe Russian amene anali Byzantium mayina Scandinavia: Charles, Iengeld, Farlof, Veremund. maina awa analemba zimenezi ndi Ufumu wa Byzantine, analembedwa 911- 944 zaka. Ndipo olamulira loyamba la Russia anali mwangwiro Scandinavia mayina - Igor, Olga, Rurik.

Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu kwambiri mtima wa Norman chiphunzitso cha zimene boma Asilavo, ankaona kuti kutchula Russian mu Western "mbiri Bertinskih." Pali makamaka kudziŵika kuti 839 wazaka Byzantine mfumu anatumiza akazembe kwa mnzake wake Wachifulanki Louis I. anatumidwa m'gulu oimira "anthu anakulira." Mfundo yofunika ndi Louis wa achipembedzo anaganiza kuti "Russia" - ndi asilikali a Sweden.

Mu 950 chaka TH wa Byzantine Mfumu Konstantin Bagryanorodny , m'buku lake "Pa kasamalidwe wa Ufumu," iye anati mayina ena odziwika ndi Dnieper mathithi ali oyeretsedwa ku Scandinavia mizu. Pomaliza, apaulendo ambiri Muslim ndi geographers mu opuses awo a IX-X zaka zambirimbiri, bwino osiyana "tiers" wa Asilavo "Sakaliba". mfundo zonsezi, anasonkhana pamodzi, anathandizidwa ndi wasayansi German kumanga otchedwa Norman chiphunzitso za mmene limati aliyense Asilavo.

Zosonyeza kukonda chiphunzitso cha magwero a boma

The ideologist chachikulu cha chiphunzitso wachiwiri ndi Russian wasayansi Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Asilavo chiphunzitso cha magwero a boma amatchedwanso "chiphunzitso autochthonous." Kuphunzira chiphunzitso Norman, Lomonosov anaona olephera mu maganizo a asayansi German za kulephera kwa Asilavo kwa kudzilungamitsa bungwe, chimene zachititsa kuti ulamuliro kunja kwa Europe. A patriot woona, MV Lomonosov anakayikira chiphunzitso lonse, kusankha kuphunzira uyu mwambi mbiri yekha. Pa nthawi, anapanga otchedwa Asilavo chiphunzitso cha magwero a boma, zochokera kukana kwathunthu "Norman".

Ndiyeno kodi kauntala waukulu anatsogolera zokometsera wa Asilavo? Mfundo yaikulu ndi zoona kuti dzina "Lazaro" ndi etymologically kumphatikiza ndi Novgorod wakale kapena ndi Ladoga. Zimatanthauza, kani, Ukraine (makamaka Middle Dnieper). Monga umboni mayina wakale wa malo m'dera la - ros, Roos, Rostavitsa. Kuphunzira Siriya "Ecclesiastical History," anawamasulira Zachary wodziŵa, Asilavo chiphunzitso otsatira tinapezanso kutchulidwa za anthu amene amatchedwa Hros kapena "Lazaro". mafuko zitakhazikitsidwa kum'mwera kwa Kiev. Mpukutu analengedwa 555, chaka. M'mawu ena, zochitika zomwe zafotokozedwa m'menemo, akhala kale Scandinavia lapansi.

Lina lalikulu potsimikizira-mkangano imatengedwa ndi silikukambapo za Russia mu sagas wakale Norse. Iwo ankangounjikika ndithu kwambiri, ndipo Kwenikweni, maziko onse folklore mtundu ano m'mayiko Denmark. Ndi zovuta kugwirizana ndi zimene ananena olemba mbiri amene amanena kuti osachepera chakumayambiriro kwa kanthawi sagas mbiri ayenera Kuphunzira osachepera zochitika. maina Scandinavia akazembe, amene amadalira pa mbali ya chiphunzitso Norman, nayenso, ndi zana pa zana chiyani mwachindunji ndi mtundu wa zopalira. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, nthumwi Swedish akanakhoza bwino bwino akuimira akalonga Russian m'mayiko akutali.

Mtsutso chiphunzitso Norman

Chosadziwika ndi malipoti pa chikhalidwe cha Scandinavians. chakuti mu nthawi mu funso, mayiko a ku Scandinavia ngati kulibe. Zimenezi zimayambitsa chilungamo kuchuluka kwa sankakhulupirira kuti Scandinavia - ndi olamulira choyamba cha Asilavo. N'zokayikitsa kuti alendo atsogoleri Scandinavia, popanda kufufuza kumanga mphamvu yake, zoti chinachake m'mayiko ena.

Academician Boris Rybakov, akulankhula za chiyambi cha chiphunzitso Norman, anafotokoza maganizo ake za yamtunduwu ambiri a mbiri ofooka chi, amene adakhulupirira, mwachitsanzo, kuti kusintha kwa mafuko angapo mayiko ena amalenga preconditions pa chitukuko cha boma, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri. Ndipotu ndondomeko ya mapangidwe ndi statehood ukhoza kwa zaka zambiri. Waukulu maziko mbiri imene azambiriyakale German, amadwala zolakwika zachilendo kwambiri.

Asilavo limati, malinga Nestor ndi mbiri, anapanga zaka. Nthawi zambiri, iye salisiyanitsa oyambitsa ndi mphamvu, m'malo zosiyana. Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti kusiyana amenewa anafotokoza maganizo m'nthano ya Nestor. Choncho categorical kutanthauzira Nkhani wake ali wofooka kwambiri.

A zosiyanasiyana ziphunzitso

chiphunzitso china chofunika kwambiri zikamera wa statehood mu Lazaro unali aku Iran-Asilavo. Malinga ndi iye, pa nthawi ya mapangidwe limati woyamba atanyamula nthambi ziwiri za Asilavo. , Amene ankatchedwa Lazaro-Obodrits kapena rugi, anakhala padziko m'mayiko a limati pano. Wina anakakhala ku dera Black Sea natenga chiyambi chake pa mafuko aku Iran ndi Asilavo. The mgwirizano wa awa awiri "Mabaibulo" ya anthu, monga mwa chiphunzitso, adzalenga limodzi Asilavo boma Lazaro.

Chidwi kungoganizira, yomwe kenako analimbikitsa kuti chiphunzitso akufuna Academician wa NASU V. Sklyarenko. Malinga ndi iye, Novgorodians akatulukire kwa Varangians-Balts, amene adayitana Lazaro kapena Ruthenium. Mawu akuti "Ruthenians" amachokera anthu, mmodzi wa mafuko Acelt, anatenga gawo mu mapangidwe a Asilavo fuko pachilumba cha Rügen. Komanso, monga academician, pa ndendende nthawi kale Black Sea Asilavo mafuko, yemwe mbadwa anali Zaporozhye Cossacks. Chiphunzitsochi amatchedwa - Acelt-Asilavo.

Funani amagonja ndi

Tikumbukenso kuti nthawi pali malonda-offs za chiphunzitso cha Asilavo boma mapangidwe. Ndi buku ili la akufuna Russian mbiri V. Klyuchevskii. Malinga ndi iye, zigawo Asilavo anali m'tauni kwambiri mipanda yolimba kwambiri pa nthawiyo. Kuti maziko a mabungwe malonda, mafakitale ndi andale. Komanso, malinga ndi wolemba mbiri, panali lonse "m'tawuni", amene limati yaing'ono.

Chachiwiri ndale ndi boma mawonekedwe panthawiyi anthu ambiri zigawenga Norman ukulu, amene amatchulidwa mu chiphunzitso Norman. Malinga Kliuchevskoi, ndicho pophatikizana a conglomerates wamphamvu m'matauni ndi dongosolo asilikali Scandinavia zinachititsa mapangidwe limati Asilavo (6 kalasi kuyitana sukulu iyi boma la Kievan Yairo). chiphunzitso chimenechi, amene analimbikira ndi mbiri yakale Chiyukireniya A. Efimenko ndi I. Krypiakevych, wotchedwa Asilavo-Varangian. Iwo penapake kuyanjanitsidwa Orthodox oimira malangizo onse.

Nayenso Academician Vernadsky anakayikiranso Norman chiyambi cha Asilavo. Malinga ndi iye, mapangidwe limati Asilavo a mafuko a kum'mawa ayenera kutengedwa mu "Lazaro" - masiku Kuban. Academician ankakhulupirira kuti Asilavo ali dzinali dzina lakale "Roksolana" kapena kuwala Alans. Mu 60 ntchentche wa XX m'ma Chiyukireniya katswiriyo Deuteronomo Berezovets adafotokoza kuganizira Russ Alanian anthu pallets. Lero, ndi kungoganizira chimenechi kuganizira ndi Chiyukireniya Academy of Sciences.

Palibe mtundu gulu - Asilavo

American pulofesa O.Pritsak akufuna Baibulo chosiyana zimene boma Asilavo, ndipo kodi - palibe. Sichiphunzitsa aliyense malingaliro pamwamba ndipo ali zomveka yake maziko. Malinga Pritsak, Asilavo ngati kulibe pa malo fuko ndi fuko. m'dziko limene linakhazikitsidwa Kievan Lazaro, wakhala m'malire a malonda ndi malonda maulendo pakati East ndi West. Anthu malo awa anali ngati munthu wankhondo, amalonda amene anapereka chitetezo amtengatenga malonda a amalonda ena, ndi zida m'njira ya katundu wake.

M'mawu ena, zochitika za Asilavo imati zochokera ena malonda ndi asilikali m'dera la zofuna za oimira anthu osiyanasiyana. Ndi kaphatikizidwe wa wongosamukasamuka ndi achifwamba anali kenako mitundu maziko a dziko m'tsogolo. Ndithu maganizo chiphunzitso, makamaka mukamawerenga kuti waika patsogolo wasayansi ikakhala, amene mbiri amabwerera sadzachitanso zaka 200.

Against lake sanagwirizane ndi Russian ndi Ukraine azambiriyakale ambiri, dzina ngakhale jarred palokha - "Volga -. Russian Khanate" Malinga ndi America anali mapangidwe woyamba wa Asilavo limati (kalasi 6 nkomwe ali timudziwe bwino chiphunzitso chotere maganizo). Komabe, iye ali ndi ufulu adakalipo ndipo anaitana Khazar.

Mwachidule Kievan Lazaro

Atalingaliranso ziphunzitso zonse zimaonekeratu kuti poyamba lalikulu boma Asilavo anali Kievan Lazaro anapanga kuzungulira m'ma IX. Mapangidwe mphamvu zimenezi zinachitika pang'onopang'ono. Kuti 882 zaka ophatikizidwa ndi kuphatikiza n'kuzifotokozera ulamuliro glades Drevlyane, mawu, dregovechey ndi Polotsk. The Union of mayiko Asilavo ikusonyezedwa ndi pophatikizana a Kiev ndi Novgorod.

Pambuyo kulanda mphamvu Kiev, Oleg anayamba chachiwiri, oyambirira ang'onoang'ono siteji ya chitukuko cha Kievan Lazaro. Pamafunika polumikizira yogwira malo sankadziwika. Choncho, 981, boma kukodzedwa ndi kum'mawa m'mayiko Chisilavo ku San mtsinje. The 992-mamita yayenda ndi minda Chikolowesha atagona pa malo otsetsereka onse a Carpathians. Ndi 1054 mphamvu ya Kiev yafalikira lonse mafuko East Asilavo, ndipo mumzindawo zinadziwika mu "mayi wa mizinda ya ku Russia."

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kale mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XI, boma anayamba udzangotha mu maukulu osiyana. Komabe, nthawi imeneyi sizinakhalitse, ndi pamaso pa ngozi wamba mu nkhope ya mumaganiza izi Polovtsian ndinayima. Koma kenako, chifukwa kuchuluka malo ang'onoang'ono ndi kuchuluka mphamvu nkhondowo wa amazikonda anthu otchuka, Kievan Lazaro akadali imagwera mu fiefdoms. Mu 1132 anayamba nthawi ya kugawikana ang'onoang'ono. Izi zilili, monga ife tikudziwira, panali kwa Ubatizo wa Russia. Lingaliro la boma limodzi zatchuka ndiye.

Ikuimira limati Asilavo

Modern limati Asilavo ali yosiyanasiyana. Iwo amadziŵika osati chifukwa cha dziko kapena chinenero, komanso mfundo za boma, ndi mlingo wakutemwa, ndi digiri ya vuto la zachuma. Komabe, Asilavo mosavuta pomvetsetsana - akadali kusiya mizu mu chifunga nthawi kupanga maganizo omwewo amene amakana zonse zodziwika "zomveka" asayansi, koma motsimikiza akatswiri ndi zamaganizo.

Ndipotu, ngakhale tikambirana mbendera ya limati Asilavo, mukhoza kuwona zonse zina ndi kufanana kwa mtundu phale. Pali chinthu choterocho - Pan-Asilavo mitundu. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyankhula za izo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX pa Choyamba Asilavo Congress mu Prague. Othandiza lingaliro la kugwirizana kwa Asilavo zonse zoperekedwa kutenga galu ndi mikwingwirima ofanana yopingasa wabuluu, woyera ndi wofiira monga mbendera ake. Rumor chitsanzo anatumikira monga mbendera ya Russian zombo zamalonda zolimba. Kotero ngati izo ziri kwenikweni - zovuta kutsimikizira, koma mbendera ya mayiko Asilavo zambiri yodziwika ndi mbali zochepetsetsa, osati mitundu.