Kashiamu mbali. kashiamu katundu. kashiamu chilinganizo

Pakati pa mbali zonse za dongosolo zodziwitsa ndi angapo awa, popanda zomwe osati anayamba zosiyanasiyana matenda ku zamoyo zina, koma ambiri n'zosatheka kukhala ndi moyo wabwino ndi kukula. Mmodzi wa awa - calcium.

N'zochititsa chidwi pamene izo zifika ku zitsulo ichi monga mankhwala osavuta, kuti palibe ntchito, iye sali kwa munthu, ngakhale zovulaza. Komabe, wina ali yekha kutchula ayoni Ca ^2+, motsogoleredwa pali kwambiri mfundo zimene zimaonetsa kufunika kwake.

kashiamu udindo mu dongosolo zodziwitsa

Makhalidwe a calcium, komanso mchitidwe wina uliwonse umayamba ndi udindo wa malo ake m'dongosolo la nthawi. Ndipotu, limapereka mwayi wophunzira kwambiri za maatomu izi:

• kuyang'anira phata la;
• chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi ndi mapulotoni, neutrons;
• boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni, wapamwamba ndi kuthungo;
• elekitironi kasinthidwe ndi zinthu zina zofunika.

Nkhani pamaso pathu ndi amafotokozera mu nthawi chachinayi, yaikulu yachiwiri gulu, gulu lalikulu ndipo ali ndi siriyo nambala 20. Komanso, mankhwala nthawi tebulo limasonyeza kulemera atomiki kashiamu - 40,08, ndilo phindu avareji isotopes alipo la atomu anapatsidwa.

Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni yekha, ndi nthawi zonse, ndi wofanana ndi awiri. Chilinganizo okusayidi apamwamba CaO. Dzina Latin kwa zinthu calcium, choncho chizindikiro Ca maatomu.

Makhalidwe kashiamu monga chinthu yosavuta

M'mikhalidwe yachibadwa amafotokozera ndi zitsulo, mtundu siliva-woyera. kashiamu ngati chinthu wamba chilinganizo - linalake Chifukwa mkulu ntchito mankhwala ndipo amatha kupanga kuchuluka kwa mankhwala yoperekedwa kwa magulu osiyanasiyana.

Mu boma olimba la munthu sali m'gulu, Choncho n'kofunika kwa mafakitale ndi luso ntchito (makamaka mankhwala syntheses).

Ndi mmodzi wa ambiri gawo mu kutumphuka zitsulo dziko lapansi, pafupifupi 1.5%. Zimatanthauza lapansi gulu zamchere, kuyambira pamene kusungunuka m'madzi chipereka ndi soda, koma opezeka mu chikhalidwe mu mawonekedwe a mchere angapo ndipo salt. A zambiri kashiamu (400 mg / l) zili m'gulu la zikuchokera madzi nyanja.

latisi Krustalo

kashiamu mbali anafotokoza galasi latisi Kapangidwe kuti akhoza kukhala mitundu iwiri (chifukwa pali Alefa ndi mawonekedwe beta):

• granetsentricheskaya kiyubiki;
• obemnotsentricheskaya.

mtundu ubale mu molekyulu ndi - chitsulo, ndi latisi, mofanana - zitsulo atomu ayoni.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Pali zinthu zingapo zofunika chikhalidwe amene ali chinthu ichi.

1. M'madziwo.
2. Miyala ndi mchere.
3. Zamoyo (zipolopolo ndi zipolopolo, mafupa ndi zina zotero).
4. Ground madzi mu matanthwe a pansi padziko.

Zimakhala potanthauza mitundu otsatirawa a miyala ndi mchere kuti ali zachilengedwe a calcium.

1. Dolomite - chisakanizo cha kashiamu carbonate ndi magnesium.
2. Fluorite - kashiamu fluoride.
3. Gypsum - CaSO ₄ · 2H ₂ O.
4. Calcite - choko, miyala, nsangalabwi - kashiamu carbonate.
5. Alabasitala - CaSO ₄ · 0.5H ₂ O.
6. Apatity.

Total olekanitsidwa za 350 mchere osiyana ndi miyala amene ali calcium.

Njira lokonzekera

Analephera bwinobwino zitsulo kwa nthawi yaitali mu mawonekedwe free, kuyambira reactivity ake ndi mkulu mu chikhalidwe mu mawonekedwe woyera sichingapezeke. Choncho, mpaka XIX m'ma (1808), amafotokozera mu funso linali chinsinsi wina, amene anali kunyamula tebulo nthawi.

Kashiamu monga zitsulo anali wokhoza kuti lithe Chingelezi sayansi Gemfri Devi. Iye anali woyamba mbali anapeza wa mogwirizana kwa chimasungunula mchere olimba ndi mchere kwa magetsi. Chibwenzi kudakali njira zogwirizana kwambiri kupeza izi ndi electrolysis ya mchere zitsulo zake, monga:

• chisakanizo cha kashiamu ndi potaziyamu chlorides;
• chisakanizo cha fluoride kashiamu ndi mankhwala enaake.

Ndi zotheka kuchotsa okusayidi kashiamu ku pogwiritsa wamba mu njira zitsulo aluminothermy.

thupi katundu

kashiamu mbali ya magawo thupi tinganene kuti mfundo zingapo.

1. State wa loitanirana - olimba pansi yozungulira zinthu.
2. Limatsogolera mfundo - 842 ⁰ C.
3. Zitsulo zofewa, akhoza kudula ndi mpeni.
4. Mtundu - silvery woyera, chonyezimira.
5. Conduction ndipo ali wabwino katundu kutentha akuchititsa.
6. Yaitali Kutentha otembenuka kwa madzi, boma ndiye nthunzi, kutaya katundu wa zitsulo. Kuwira kufika 1484 ⁰ C.

katundu thupi kashiamu ndi mbali imodzi. Pamene zitsulo ndi opanikizika, nthawi zina amataya zachitsulo ake katundu ndi luso madutsidwe. Komabe, ndi kuwonjezeka mu kukhudzana yafupika ndipo kachiwiri kumaonekera monga superconductor, ndi kangapo lalikulu kuposa zinthu zina zizindikiro izi.

katundu mankhwala

Ntchito ya zitsulo ndi lalitali kwambiri. Choncho, pali ankachita ambiri, amene kashiamu akulowa. Zochita ndi-zitsulo si kwa iye - chinthu wamba, chifukwa ngati wothandizira kuchepetsa, iye ndi wamphamvu kwambiri.

1. M'mikhalidwe yachibadwa izo mosavuta anachita kupanga chogwirizana mankhwala bayinare ndi: halogens, oxygen.
2. Pa Kutentha, wa hydrogen, asafe, mpweya, pakachitsulo, phosphorous, boron, sulfure, ndi ena.
3. Panja yomweyo anachitira ndi mpweya woipa ndi mpweya, kotero yokutidwa imvi pachimake.
4. Acid amachitira nkhanza, nthawi zina ndi kutupa.

Chidwi katundu kashiamu kuonekera pamene izo zifika kwa iye zikuchokera salt. Choncho, wokongola phanga stalactites ndi stalagmites, amene kukula pa denga ndi makoma, ndi kanthu monga kashiamu carbonate, anapanga ndi nthawi ya madzi, mpweya woipa ndi haidrojeni ndi njira mkati pansi pa.

Kambirana mmene yogwira zitsulo mu boma wabwinobwino, isungeni pa zasayansi, komanso zamchere. Mu mdima galasi chidebe ndi chivindikiro losindikizidwa ndi pansi wosanjikiza wa palafini kapena paraffin.

Mkhalidwe anatani ion kashiamu - lawi chekeni mu wokongola, chodzaza mtundu njerwa zofiira. Komanso mankhwala kuzindikiridwa zitsulo akhoza lopangidwa ndi mpweya insoluble ena salt ake (kashiamu carbonate, fluoride, sulphate ndi mankwala, silicate, sulfite).

mankhwala zitsulo

Zosiyanasiyana otsatirawa mankhwala zitsulo:

• okusayidi;
• hydroxide;
• kashiamu mchere (pafupifupi m'maderawo zofunika, pawiri, zovuta).

Kashiamu okusayidi chikudziwika ngati quicklime. CaO ntchito kulenga zinthu nyumbayi (laimu). Ngati okusayidi kuzimitsira madzi timapeza hydroxide chogwirizana, soda katundu osauka.

Chofunika kwambiri othandiza ndi osiyana kashiamu salt, amene ntchito kumabungwe osiyanasiyana chuma. Kodi pali mchere, takambirana kale pamwambapa. Timapereka zitsanzo za mitundu ya mankhwala.

1. Sing'anga mchere - carbonate CaCO _3, mankwala Ca ₃ (PO _{4) 2} ndi ena.
2. Acid - sulphate CaHSO _4.
3. Ofunika - hydrogencarbonate (CaOH) ₃ PO _4.
4. Zovuta - [Ca (NH _{3) 8]} cl _2.
5. Wapawiri - 5Ca (NO _{3) 2} * NH ₄ NO ₃ * 10H ₂ O.

Ndi mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala a kalasi kashiamu n'kofunika kuti kachitidwe zamoyo monga gwero la ayoni kuti thupi ndi mchere.

Udindo kwachilengedwenso

ndi kufunika kashiamu kwa thupi la munthu ndi chiyani? Pali zifukwa zingapo.

1. Ndi izi amafotokozera ayoni ali mbali ya thunthu intercellular, ndi minofu madzimadzi, nawo lamulo la malemeredwe njira timadzi ndi timene.
2. Kashiamu amasonkhana mafupa, dzino enamel mu kuchuluka pafupifupi 2.5% ya kulemera kwa thupi okwana. Izi si kwambiri ndipo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri kulimbitsa nyumba izi, kusunga mphamvu zawo ndi kukhazikika. Kukula kwa chamoyo N'zosatheka izo.
3. Magazi clotting ndi amadalira ayoni ankaona.
4. Ndi mbali ya mtima minofu kugwira malemeredwe ake ndi chidule.
5. Ndi mbali ya njira ya exocytosis ndi kusintha ena okhudza maselo ambiri.

Ngati kuchuluka kwa madyedwe kashiamu singakwane, n'zotheka chitukuko cha matenda monga:

• rickets;
• kufooka kwa mafupa;
• matenda magazi.

Mlingo tsiku munthu wamkulu - 1,000 mg, ndi ana kwa zaka 9 1300 mg. Pofuna kupewa zochuluka mu thupi la mchitidwe siziyenera upambana mlingo anasonyeza. Apo ayi mukhoza kukhala matenda matumbo.

Pakuti ena onse zamoyo kashiamu si zofunika kwenikweni. Mwachitsanzo, ambiri invertebrates , ngakhale alibe mafupa, koma kudzera kunja kuwalimbitsa ngati ali formations zitsulo. Pakati pawo:

• nkhono;
• Nkhono ndi nkhono;
• thonje;
• tizilombo ting'onoting'ono matanthwe.

Onse amavala pa misana yawo kapena mfundo anapanga mu ndondomeko ya moyo exoskeleton amene amateteza iwo asatengere kunja ndi adani. Mbali yaikulu ya izo - kashiamu mchere.

nyama peresenti, monga anthu, ayenera kuganizira ayoni kukula zachilendo ndipo chitukuko ndi kupita nawo kwa chakudya.

Kashiamu-munali mankhwala

Pali njira zambiri mothandizidwa ndi zomwe n'zotheka amapanga zinthu akusowa mu thupi labwinobwino. Choncho, ndithudi, njira zachilengedwe - mankhwala okhala ndi atomu ankafuna. Komabe, ngati pa chifukwa chilichonse sikutheka kapena osakwanira, njira zachipatala ndi zovomerezeka.

Choncho, mndandanda wa mankhwala okhala ndi calcium, monga izi:

• mkaka ndi mkaka mankhwala;
• nsomba;
• amadyera;
• dzinthu (buckwheat, mpunga, kuphika tirigu lonse);
• ena zipatso (malalanje, tangerines);
• nyemba;
• mtedza zonse (makamaka amondi ndi walnuts).

Ngati ena ziwengo chakudya kapena kugwiritsa ntchito iwo pazifukwa zina, yodzaza mlingo wa zinthu analakalaka thupi kuthandiza mankhwala kashiamu munali.

Onsewo ndi mchere zitsulo amatha mosavuta digested, mwamsanga ankawaviika mu magazi ndi intestine. Pakati pawo wotchuka kwambiri ndi zothandiza ndi zotsatirazi.

1. kashiamu kolorayidi - Anakonza jekeseni kapena makonzedwe m'kamwa kwa akulu ndi ana. ndende yosiyanasiyana ya mchere mu zikuchokera ntchito "akatemera otentha" chifukwa amachititsa kumverera pamene vkalyvaniem. Pali mitundu ndi madzi zipatso kuti magawowa ingestion.
2. Kashiamu gluconate. Zilipo ngati pellets (0,25 kapena 0,5 g), ndi njira jekeseni mtsempha. Nthawi zambiri mu mawonekedwe a mapiritsi zikuphatikizapo oonetsera zosiyanasiyana zipatso.
3. Kashiamu lactate - zilipo mapiritsi a 0.5 ga