Kodi cartel?

Cartel wakhala chimawononga ntchito za chuma. Pamodzi ndi syndicates ndi kukhulupirira, kuti ndikoletsedwa mu ndondomeko malamulo. Cartel mvetsetsa zake zoipa chuma ndi ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

Lingaliro la cartel

Choncho, kodi cartel? mmene iye pa asapita zachuma ndiponso chikhalidwe ndi chiani?

Cartel - ndi mgwilizano umene anamaliza pakati makampani awiri kapena kuposa. Zimakhala olembedwa ndi m'kamwa chikhalidwe. mgwirizano umenewu umalimbana ndi chiletso amphamvu a mpikisano, choncho, kupeza ndalama zambiri.

Cartel zonse ndi yekha mu chikhalidwe. Ichi ndi chomwe chimapangitsa kuipitsidwa imeneyi yosaloledwa mu limati ambiri. Izi anawonjezera kuti chilakolako zonse mitengo, kuzichita ndi kuchititsa ntchito malonda paokha. Chifukwa cha zimenezi zikuipiraipirabe linanena bungwe, okha mphamvu akupezeka pa ulimi. anthu malamulo kubala boma komanso nthawi zina chigawenga udindo cartel lapansi.

Zolinga ndi zokhumba za mapangano a cartel

Cholinga chachikulu cha anthu onse amene bungwe la cartel, kuwerengera, ndithudi, ndi yosavuta. Izi kuchotsa pafupifupi mpikisano mu dera la msika (monga ulamuliro, opanga tikambilane mbali ndi malonda m'dera moyo wawo, pamene iwo sali). Atalandira msika ankalamulira, opanga ulembedwe kuti malamulo ake: mawu ake ndi zinthu. Ndendende chifukwa cha ichi, iwo akhoza kukhazikitsa yabwino kwambiri ndi mitengo yabwino nokha.

N'kupusa kukana kuti pa msika okhawo lero chitukuko n'zosapeŵeka. Banal dyera anthu nacho alimi kugwirizanitsa ndi kuonjezera ndalama zawo ndi kuwonjezeka mitengo ndi kuchepetsa voliyumu za kumasulidwa kwa katundu. Ndithudi, izi ndi zoyipa kwambiri pa zigawo wamba a anthu: mitengo mkuuka, ndi khalidwe la mankhwala likuipiraipira.

Mitundu ya cartels, malingana ndi mtundu wa kuipitsidwa

Pali classifications zambiri cartels. Pansipa zalembedwa kokha mitundu zofunika ndi odziwika mabacteria cartel.

Malinga mtundu wa kuipitsidwa, cartels anawagawa mitundu zofunikira ziwiri: yopingasa ndi choimirira. Kodi amasiyana mzake? ndi wokongola yosavuta pano. Ofukula cartel ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe ang'onoang'ono (awiri kapena kuposa) minda chosiyana. Mosiyana mabizinesi wina ndi mzake (mwachitsanzo myasopererobatyvayuschee ndi mitengo zitsulo ndi ndege ndi zina zotero. D.) Kodi anafuna kuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa msika ndi kukhazikitsa okhawo. Motero, cartels yopingasa zinalembedwa kapena makampani m'kamwa mgwirizano wa makampani limodzi.

Mitundu ya cartels, malingana ndi mtundu wa ntchito

World mchitidwe kupeza mitundu zotsatirazi mabacteria cartel:

• Lopita cartel mapangano. Ogaŵikana kuumba ndi malo. Mbali yoyamba, gulu mapangano oletsedwa mitengo zonse msika kudzera quotas. Ngati chachiwiri Komabe, pang'onopang'ono kuchotsedwa mpikisano - powapatsa ophunzira kuipitsidwa malonda m'madera.
• mapangano Cash cartel. zinthu wofanana makontena ndi malipiro adzakhala kuvomelezedwa pamodzi ndi mitengo yovomerezeka.
• Zowongolera cartels. Mgwirizano zofunikila mtundu wa limati anthu udindo zinazake za malonda.
• Kugula cartels. pangano zachilendo. Kwenikweni awo imakhala kubweretsa pansi pa mtengo kugula ndi kugula makampani akuluakulu omwewo (kapena inayake) mankhwala.
• Yowerengera cartel. Pankhaniyi ogwira kugwirizana ndi mzake kuchititsa ndondomeko pafupifupi yemweyo: ndi kuwerengetsera ofanana dongosolo zofanana, etc ...

Pali mitundu ina ya mapangano cartel. Komabe, khalidwe lomwe kotsimikizika pakati pa mitundu yonse ndi mitundu ya kuipitsidwa amenewa, ndithudi, kuwoneka. Izi ndi malipiro omwewo, malonda olowa, chiletso kapena kuwonjezeka mphamvu kusindikiza, ndi zina zotero D..

Pa gulu la cartels

Cartel pakati pa alimi akhoza mwalowa pakamwa kapena kulemba. Nthawi zambiri pa maphunziro ndi chitukuko cha cartel asapita chikoka alimi kuti mgwirizano uwu tilowe mu. Mwachidule, kwambiri ndi zambiri CEOs wochezeka n'zogwirizana, m'pamenenso mapeto pakati pa iwowo bongo. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi mosemphanitsa.

Msampha ankakonda atsogoleri a gulu lirilonse - mapeto a cartel kuipitsidwa mu ochepa opanga pa msika. chakuti palibe ambiri makampani ena amalimbikitsa mofulumira ndi zophweka mapangidwe kuipitsidwa oletsedwa pakati alimi. Ngati makampani kwambiri, ndipo cartel monga adzakhala inefficient kwambiri: pali ndalama zambiri ndi ndalama; ndipo Mwina Kuwulura yace kangapo apamwamba.

Zinthu chitukuko cha cartels

Pali zinthu zingapo zimene zikhoza kusokoneza kukula kwa dzuwa la cartels lapansi. opanga zambiri nthawi zonse khutu ku kukhalapo kwa zinthu. Ndipotu mapangano cartel ali konse lachibadwa. Choncho kodi zizindikiro za cartel ndi ntchito zake kuberekana?

N'zochititsa chidwi bwanji chitukuko cha pangano cartel ndi mtundu wa katundu opangidwa. Chinthu ndi kuti cartels yopingasa anapanga zambiri, chifukwa mkosabvuta chabe ndi zosavuta. Komabe, zolinga zawo amagwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, n'zovuta kwambiri kuti akonze cartel yopingasa mu nkhope amphamvu mankhwala zosiyanasiyana ku msika.

Chinanso - kuphweka wa kufunika kulosera. M'nkhani ya khola, zosavuta zanyengo ankafuna kunena ndi cartel chikanadzakhala chophweka kwambiri. N'zosavuta kutsimikizira njira imeneyi kungakhale, ngati inu mutayang'ana pa boma ndi msika ndi wosakhazikika. Ndipotu, pali pafupifupi palibe cartels - iwo ali si wolungama.

Ndipo potsiriza, zofunika ndi zofunika chinthu zokolola cartels: malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika ku boma (kapena kani, mbali zake). Pali mayiko kumene cartels si ndikoletsedwa ndi lamulo. Pankhaniyi, mapeto onse a mapangano pakati opanga mwalamulo wolungama. Mosiyana limati imene cartels ndi mlandu. Mapeto a pangano m'mayikowa ndi yowopsa kwambiri choncho sanamvere. Komabe, ndi bwino kuganizira wina chidwi kwambiri tsatanetsatane: limati kumene cartels ndi ndikoletsedwa ndi lamulo, mapeto a cartel ndi opanga zambiri waphindu kuposa mayiko amene iwo mtchatho.

Pa zoopsa za mapangano cartel

Inde, cartels kungasokoneze kwambiri pa muzochitika zonse zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha moyo. Komabe, zimathandiza kumvetsa pang'ono: kodi chimangokhala ndi cartel? Judicial mchitidwe likusonyeza zingapo zotsatira zoipa za mapangano amenewa.

Choyamba, ndi tsankho gulu osiyana msika. Makamaka chitsanzo kumaonekera pa nthawi imene anthu opanga kumsika si kwambiri. Kugwirizanitsa makampani cartel amaumiriza makampani ena - zonse kuonetsetsa kuti m'gulu zambiri ndi. Pali kuphwanya mwachindunji ufulu. Kachiwiri, ndi kukakamiza anthu ena zinthu zenizeni makampani kuti asankha kulowa mgwirizano. Pano mukhoza kusunga kusowa kwa ufulu wa opanga. Ndipo chachitatu, ndiko Kulenga kwa mitengo chopambanitsa mpweya ndipo amakonda kukhala otsika khalidwe mankhwala. Mu nkhani iyi, cartel mwachindunji kuwapweteka anthu wamba. lamulo Russian limaletsa kanthu njira ina umalimbana muzingochita mpikisano. N'chifukwa chake cartel aliyense wa Code Wachifwamba amazindikira monga koletsedwa ndipo amaika udindo kwa iyo.

Cartels mu US ndi Europe

Mu West, ndi cartel - chapadera mtundu wa ndikupeleka. Iye losadziwika monga oletsedwa, nthawi zonse ndipo kulikonse. Mfundo mukhoza bungwe cartel, ndipo ngakhale malamulo m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Komabe, pali wina chidwi kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane.

chakuti ukuchita cartel mu Europe anawagawa "zoipa" ndi "zofunika". Companies adalowa pangano ofanana azibweretsa n'kothandiza chuma cha boma. Mwachibadwa, mu cartel kuti achite chotero wokongola zovuta. Komabe, pamene mukufuna kuwafika makasitomala zambiri kapena kuonjezera ndalama, boma mabungwe ofanana kokha kulimbikitsa. Ndithu zinthu zosiyana ndi cartels "osalungama". Cha mtundu umenewu mabungwe zambiri kusiyana maganizo ndi akuluakulu a boma. Ndi cartels "oipa", boma amayesa kulimbana m'njira iliyonse.

Zitsanzo cartel West mazana. OPEC (kucheza States m'munda wa migodi), mwachitsanzo, nyenyezi yowala kwambiri kuposa iwo. Ndipotu, ndi chosiyana kwambiri kuti angatchedwe ndi cartel woona pakati pa mayiko. Mwa njira, ndi OPEC ndipo kugwirizana ndi zoipa zambiri. Kangapo konse bungwe anali ngakhale pafupi kutseka.

Kodi polimbana cartels m'mayiko osiyanasiyana?

mayiko a azungu akuyesera kulimbana ndi mabungwe cartel poika ndalama pa iwo. Mu US, mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha zabwino kwa mabungwe alamulo ukufika $ 100 miliyoni, anthu - 1 miliyoni. Komabe, chilango kuchita masamu monga kukula awiri a phindu kapena zomvetsa. Pankhaniyi, ophunzira cartel ayenera kulipira boma mabiliyoni.

Latsopano la Russia, polimbana cartels ndi ofesi wozenga mlandu pamodzi ndi apolisi. Pali Dipatimenti wapadera kuti investigates milandu okhawo m'munda wa mfundo msika. Chilango cha cartel ku Russia akhoza kufika 20 chikwi. Rubles akuluakulu ndi 0,15 cha kuchuluka udachita kudzera oletsedwa, chifukwa mabungwe alamulo.

Vuto la odana cartel

Kumene, polimbana ndi mabungwe cartel zambiri kudzudzulidwa. Ndipo onse chifukwa cha osaphunzira kwambiri mfundo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika. Mwachitsanzo, Mlengi waganiza kuchepetsa kapena M'malo mwake, kukweza mitengo malonda awo. Pankhaniyi, mungathe kale kupanga neno pa cartel, ndilo kwenikweni, kumene sanali.

Pali maganizo ambiri a zachuma amene amati polimbana cartels akuchita zoipa koposa zabwino. Kumlingo zimenezi n'zoona. Ndipotu, pali zitsanzo kumene mitengo kwambiri m'magulu ndi cartel anthu olima anali ndi ena mbendera makampani ena kuti nawonso, Sachita mitengo ndi amatilimbikitsa izo. Lang'anani, lero anazindikira cartel woswa malamulo. gulu lirilonse, Mlengi kapena wapolisi yosavuta mwina kugonjera yofunsira kwa Federal Antimonopoly Service wa cartel lapansi. A chitsanzo cha ntchito iyi anapereka m'munsimu.

Vuto la mtendere wa cartel ndi

Inde, opanga cartel ali kwambiri phindu. Komabe, vuto la makampani angathe zimachitika. Chitsanzo chimodzi si za mavuto lamulo: chinthu chiri, kuti cartel - zodabwitsazi sanakhalitse kwambiri, zofuna kusiya mwapadera a magulu onse, litatha. Imani kapena kuima cartel - zimatengera okha pa anthu ake. chingatilimbikitse zofunika kwambiri alimi onse amene anamaliza mgwirizano. Ndipotu, pali chipani chimodzi kwa anthu ena cartel kunyengeza, zimaipitsa zinthu zina loti aphe lonse cartel kugwa.

Cartels nthawizonse zakhala ziri ndipo adzakhala yochepa ankakhala, mabungwe zosakhalitsa. Chotero pangano oletsedwa posachedwa anawononga okha, osati chikhalidwe chawo kumangidwa. nkhani zonse ndi makampani osiyanasiyana, poganizira cartel, ndi zokhotakhota kufunika osiyana kwambiri, ndalama ndi zina zotero. D. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu amene analowa pakati pa pangano cartel, kupita kuopsa kwambiri chifukwa mosavuta mavuto okha kwambiri mkulu.