Kodi kulingalira mandala chipereka Zitsanzo

Kuti adzaone zimene mandala amapereka chithunzi, m'pofunika woyamba wa zonse kukumbukira zimenezi mandala. Waukulu thupi chodabwitsa, ponena kuti alenge mandala - ichi ndi refraction kuwala kudutsa sing'anga. zodabwitsazi walenga chipangizo kuti angathe kulamulira malangizo a kuunika. Mfundo za kasamalidwe amenewa anafotokoza kuti ana kusukulu, mu maphunziro a kalasi chitatu wa sayansi.

Tanthauzo la mawu, ndi mandala zakuthupi, amene ntchito kupanga ake

Magalasi ntchito kuti munthu athe kuona yatupa kapena yafupika chifaniziro cha chinthu. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito makinawa kapena maso. Choncho, chipangizo ichi chimaonekera. Izi zachitika ndi cholinga kuona zinthu monga ife tili, kokha kusintha kukula. Silidzachotsedwa akuda, molakwika, ngati si chofunika. Ndiko kuti, mandala - thupi mandala. Kenako chitani zigawo zake. Disolo ali pamalo awiri. Iwo akhoza yokhota kumapeto, nthawi zambiri ozungulira, kapena wina mmodzi wa iwo adzakhala n'njokhota ndi ndege zina. Ilo lachokera ndege izi zimatengera chimene mandala amene amapereka chithunzi. Mfundo kupanga Galasi kapena mapulasitiki magalasi ntchito mu moyo lonse. Yotsatira, tidzakambirana kulankhula za magalasi galasi kuti ndizindikire ambiri.

Kulekana kwa otukukira kunja ndi concave magalasi

udani umenewu amadalira mtundu wa mawonekedwe disolo. Ngati mandala ali pakati onse kuposa m'mphepete, umatchedwa otukukira kunja. Ngati M'malo mwake - pakati ndi n'kakang'ono kuposa m'mphepete kuti chipangizo oterowo amatchedwa concave. Kodi M'pofunikanso? Nkofunika kuti thupi mandala ndi lotani chilengedwe. Ndipotu mandala amene amapereka chithunzi chimadalira pa refractive index mu mapangidwe awiri - mu mandala palokha ndipo mu nkhani ozungulira. Kenako tikambirana okha airspace, kuyambira pa refractive index ya mandala ku galasi kapena mapulasitiki ndi apamwamba kuposa chilengedwe akonzedwa kudzionetsera.

yosonkhanitsa mandala

Kutenga mandala otukukira kunja ndi pochitika therethrough ndi kamwazi kuwala (kufanana matabwa). Pambuyo kudutsa ndege ya otaya pamwamba Akusonkhanitsa ina, chifukwa yosonkhanitsa mandala amatchedwa.

Kumvetsa zimene chithunzi amapereka yosonkhanitsa mandala, ndi zina, m'pofunika kukumbukira magawo amafotokoza.

magawo zofunika kumvetsa katundu wa thupi galasi

Ngati disolo ndi njanjira ndi pamalo awiri ozungulira, ukulu, ndithudi, ndi utali wozungulira ena. Izi radii wa kupindika amatchedwa utali wozungulira, amene kuyambira malo danga. A mzere wolunjika kuti zikugwirizana madera awiri, wotchedwa olamulira kuwala. Mu mandala woonda ndi mfundo imene mtengo akudutsa popanda kupatuka aliyense ku malangizo ake m'mbuyomu. Njirayi imatchedwa pakati kuwala disolo. Kudzera likulu, perpendicular kwa ndege zikhoza kupangidwa perpendicular kwa olamulira kuwala. Njirayi imatchedwa ndege yaikulu ya mandala. Komanso, pali mfundo wotchedwa chamene - malo kusonkhanitsa cheza pambuyo kudutsa thupi galasi. Pamene kufufuza vuto, amene amapereka fano yosonkhanitsa mandala, nkofunika kukumbukira kuti cholinga chake kumbali n'zosiyana cha kulowa kwa kuwala. Mu diverging mandala cholinga ndi kungoganiza.

Kodi amapereka chifaniziro cha chinthu yosonkhanitsa mandala

Zimadalira m'mene kutali chinthu ili wachibale disolo. Sipadzakhala chifaniziro chenicheni, mukaika chinthu pakati pa disolo ndi chimake cha disolo yokha.

chithunzi analandira kungoganiza, molunjika, ndipo zayamba kuchuluka. Chitsanzo chapamwamba zoterozo fano - ndi galasi lokulitsira.

Ngati mungatero, kuika zinthu kumbuyo cholinga, ndiye pali zinthu ziwiri, koma nthawi zonsezi, fano ukhala kukalowa ndi zomveka. Kusiyana kokha kukula. Ngati mungatero, kuika zinthu pakati pa cholinga ndi cholinga wapawiri, fano wakuzidwa. Ngati malo inagona wapawiri, adzakhululukidwa yafupika.

Nthawi zina izo zikhoza kuchitika kuti palibe chithunzi analandira. Malinga ku chithunzi pamwambapa, ngati amatumiza nkhani chabe kuganizira za mandala mu malo, mizere amene mphambano amapereka chapamwamba mfundo chinthu ndi kufanana. Choncho, pa mphambano akhoza kukhala, chifukwa fano adzatembenukira basi penapake osawerengeka. Komanso chidwi ndi choncho pamene chinthu aikidwa pa malo inagona wapawiri. Pankhaniyi, chithunzichi ndi chadodolido, kwenikweni, koma kukula zofanana ndi nkhani pachiyambi.

Inatchulidwa mandala akuonetsedwa schematically monga gawo mivi pa malekezero analamula outwards.

diverging mandala

Mwanzeru disolo concave ndi diverging. Kumasiyana kuti limatipatsa chithunzi pafupifupi. Cheza cha kuwala Atayendetsa zotayana mu madera osiyana, chifukwa palibe fano lenileni. Yankho la funso la mtundu wanji wa fano amapereka ndi mandala zoipa, yofanana. Mulimonsemo, fano sadzakhala chadodolido, kuti ndi mwachindunji, ndi mapangidwe ndi kuchepetsedwa.

Inatchulidwa mandala akuonetsedwa schematically monga gawo mivi pa malekezero a omwe amakumana mkati.

Kodi mfundo ya kulingalira

Ndondomeko kumanga mandala gulu ochepa. Phunziro amene fano uyenera kumangidwira, ali vertex. Kuyambira m'pofunika yocheza mizere iwiri: imodzi - pakati pa mzinda kuwala disolo, winayo - ikufanana ndi olamulira kuwala kwa mandala, kenako kupyolera inagona. The mphambano ya mizere adzakupatsani pamwamba pa chithunzichi. Onse ofunikira kwambiri - ndi kulumikiza ndi olamulira kuwala, ndi kufanana mfundo cholinga choyambirira. Ngati kumene chinthu chimene kuganizira kutsogolo kwa mandala, chifanizo ndi mapangidwe, ndi kukhala kumbali imodzi monga mutu.

Tizikumbukira zimene chithunzi amapereka mandala diverging, pochititsa kulingalira kwa magalasi concave pa mfundo yomweyo, koma ndi kusiyana kumodzi. Focus mandala kuti ntchito zomangamanga, ili kumbali imodzi monga chinthu, fano limene mukufuna kumanga.

anapezazo

Kuti adzimvera tatchulawa zipangizo, pofuna kumvetsa wotani mandala amene amapereka chithunzi. Mwachionekere, mandala mukhoza mawonedwe ndi kutuluka, koma mafunso ndi kwa ena.

Funso loyamba: Kodi mandala amapereka chithunzi chenicheni? Yankho - okha gulu. Kuti gulu concave mandala akhoza kupereka chithunzi chenicheni.

Funso lachiwiri: Kodi mandala amapereka chithunzi pafupifupi? Yankhani - kubalalika, ndi zina, pamene chinthu chimene pakati pa cholinga ndi mandala - gulu.