Pansi

Pansi - ndi madzi ali mu mkhalidwe wolimba, madzi kapena nthunzi mu chapamwamba kutumphuka mu makulidwe a miyala. Iwo ali chuma hydrosphere. Mankhwala ngati malo m'madera kutentha ndi mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera opanda kuti kuphatikiza makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zitatu madigiri zikwi mazana awiri, ndi kuthamanga mu makulidwe awo ranges kuchokera angapo zikwi zitatu MPa.

chuma madzi mobisa zidzasankhidwa malinga ndi malo awo mu mitundu zotsatirazi:

- pore, opezeka timiyala, mchenga ndi osiyanasiyana miyala clastic ;

- ming'alu kapena mtsempha kunachitika sandstones ndi granites;

- karst ili gypsum, dolomite, anajambulapo ndi miyala ina sungunuka.

Yokoka kapena mfulu madzi chimachititsanso mchikakamizo cha yokoka. Mosiyana iwo hydro kugwirizana fomu zigawo miyala kapena M'maso.

Oyambirira a padziko lapansi ndi wosanjikiza omwe alipo opanda mavuto. Njirayi imatchedwa kuti "madzi tebulo". kuya kwake mwachindunji amadalira malo Hrs a m'deralo. Kusintha kwa zosayembekezereka wa magawo lachokera ku mitengo woyendera nthambi yamphamvu.

M'madera European la Russia phindu avareji kuya kwa m'chizimezime wa ukuwonjezeka nthaka wosanjikiza pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kumpoto kumadera kum'mwera. Ngati Titafika pamalo pansi ili mwachindunji padziko kutumphuka, mu madera kum'mwera - pa akuya makumi angapo mamita. Kuya pazipita chuma madzi a deta zimasiyanasiyana makilomita khumi ndi awiri.

Pansi ndi njira yomwe ndi mankhwala oposa makumi asanu ndi tizilombo zosiyanasiyana. Mu deta ambiri hydro mpweya machulukitsidwe. Madzi mu zigawo chapamwamba kutumphuka dziko lapansi m'magulu malinga mlingo wa machulukitsidwe ndi mchere. kusiyanitsa:

- atsopano;

- brackish;

- mchere;

- mobisa brines.

Magwero a pansi umaonekera gulu lawo lililonse:

1. kusalola zigawo popangidwa ndi percolation mtsinje, Madzi a mvula kapena kusungunula madzi kuchokera padziko lapansi.

2. condensation M'maso ndizo zotsatira za njira ya condensation ya nthunzi ya madzi mu pores kapena ming'alu ya thanthwe.

3. sedimentation mobisa chitsime anapanga chifukwa cha mtundu Geological sedimentation. Kawirikawiri m'manda madzi, ndi magwero m'madzi. Iwo mulinso mabedi ultrafresh mu madipoziti ndi moraine, komanso m'madamu halmeic.

4. pansi zokhudza mtundu MAGMATOGENE lachokera ku chiphalaphala amene wadutsa ndondomeko crystallization, komanso miyala chifukwa cha metamorphism awo.

Ambiri mwa kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe zizindikiro (mlingo kuthamanga, ikuyenda, gasi ndi mipweya, kutentha, etc.) zigawo nthaka atengeke kusintha onse zing'onozing'ono yaitali, liwulo mode awo wamba. Choncho wamkulu oscillation makhalidwe asonyeza pa osaya aquifer situ.

Hydro ili zigawo chapamwamba kutumphuka lapansi, anawagawira chuma zongowonjezwdwa achilengedwe. Pofuna kuteteza motsutsana wakuta ndi kuipitsidwa, kuletsa ntchito ndi kuteteza zotsatira zoipa za madyedwe madzi kuunikira pansi. Organization ndi kasamalidwe ka ulamuliro wa zinthu izi ndi udindo mwachindunji mabungwe amene analandira chilolezo kwa m'zigawo ndi ntchito zachilengedwe madzi. Powunika momwe ulimi ankachititsanso Kupenda zone ukhondo madzi wambiri. zinthu izi ukunenedwa kudziwa magwero ayenera cha kudetsedwa pansi ndi Gawani wolakwa kuti mabungwe a zachuma kuthetsa kuyan'anila.