Kodi mawonekedwe, zokhutira, machitidwe, machitidwe ndi chiyani?

Funso la mtundu womwe uli muzojambula sizowoneka mosavuta. Kusamvetsetsa kwa lingaliro kumabweretsa mavuto pakuzindikira ndi kusankha mitundu yake. Zojambula zamakono zimapezeka m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Pali njira zingapo za kufotokozera chodabwitsa ichi.

Kodi mawonekedwe a luso ndi chiyani? Vuto la kutanthauzira

Art ndiyo njira yofunikira kwambiri yodziwira dziko lapansi, mothandizidwa ndi munthu yemwe ali mu mawonekedwe ophiphiritsira akuyimira maganizo ake a dziko lapansi. Ichi ndi gawo lofunikira la chikhalidwe chauzimu cha anthu. Zimathandiza anthu kupeza zofuna zamaganizo, zokondweretsa komanso zosowa. Art ili ndi yake, chinenero chapadera, chomwe chimatumiza uthenga. Vuto lofotokozera lingaliro limeneli ndi chifukwa chakuti mawonekedwe ojambulawo ndi osiyana kwambiri komanso opangidwa mosiyanasiyana. Kuwonjezera apo, luso monga mtundu wa chikhalidwe liri ndi khalidwe la syncretism, limaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana zofotokozera, limaphatikizapo malingaliro osiyanasiyana omwe ndi ovuta kufotokozera. Mphamvu ya chikoka ndi kukula kwa malingaliro ojambula amagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mawonekedwe ojambula.

Kumvetsa kwathunthu kwa mawonekedwe

Kawirikawiri, luso ndilo mawonekedwe. Icho chimamvetsetsa zochitika zonse zauzimu za anthu ndipo zimasonyeza malingaliro ovomerezeka a dziko lapansi. Kukulitsa chikhalidwe chojambula chitukuko, luso limakhala mawonekedwe auzimu. Zimasintha zenizeni kukhala zithunzi ndipo zimatenga mawonekedwe azinthu: mabuku, zithunzi, machitidwe. Mwa kutanthauzira uku, mawonekedwewo amatanthawuza luso lokha ngati lingaliro la lingaliro la kulenga ndi kuzindikira kwa chithunzi chojambula.

Fomu ndi zokhudzana

Vuto lalikulu la filosofi, lomwe silinapeze yankho limodzi, ndilo funso loyamba ndi kugwirizana kwa mawonekedwe ndi zokhudzana ndi luso. Mosiyana ndi zolembedwa ndi mawonekedwe, funso la mtundu womwe ali mu luso limaganiziridwa mwa kuyerekezera mfundo izi. Kutanthauzira kotereku, mawonekedwe amamveka monga mgwirizano wosagwirizana wa makhalidwe akunja ndi mawonekedwe a mkati mwa chinthucho, mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zimayikidwa.

Maonekedwe opanga njirayi ali ndi maonekedwe ambiri ndipo amadziwika muzokongoletsera ntchito ya luso pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zofotokozera zomwe zimakhala ndi mtundu wina wa zojambulajambula, mitundu ndi mafashoni. Izi zimakhala nthawi zonse zakuthupi, kawirikawiri mawonekedwewa amamveka ngati chigoba cha mfundo, zomwe zili.

Mwachidule, mawonekedwe a luso ndi njira yowonetsera ndi kukhalapo kwa malingaliro apamwamba, mwachitsanzo, Zokhutira. Kugwirizana kwa mgwirizano wa mawonekedwe ndi zowonjezera kumapanga malingaliro ndi zojambula za ntchito ya luso.

Zida za mawonekedwe ojambula

Art yakonzedwa kuti iwonetse moyo weniweni, pamene ikupanga chilankhulidwe cha chilengedwe chonse cha zithunzi zojambula, zomveka kwa anthu onse. Choncho mbali zazikuluzikulu za mawonekedwe a zojambulajambula: nthawi zonse zimakhazikitsidwa ndi cholinga cha wolemba, ndiko kuti, chachiwiri ndi zomwe zilipo, nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi zochitika, zimagwirizana ndi makhalidwe abwino, nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi gawo la maganizo komanso nthawi zonse zimagwirizana.

Fomu yamakono imadziwika ndi kukhazikika ndi kuyenda. Kumbali imodzi, imamvera malamulo a nthawi ndi mitundu ya zojambulajambula, mwachitsanzo, m'mabuku, mafano okhazikika ndi sonnet, chikondi, elegy, ode, nkhani, nthano, ndi zina zotero, luso limayesetsa kufufuza njira zatsopano zosonyeza, zomwe zikutsogolera Kwa maonekedwe a mawonekedwe apadera, mu zolembedwa ndi jazz-inolemba, chidziwitso chatsopano.

Zapangidwe za Fomu mu Art

Ndi mitundu yonse yosiyanasiyana mu zojambulajambula, ali ndi makhalidwe omwe amalola wina kuyankha funso la mtundu womwe uli muzojambula. Zili zosagwirizana kwambiri ndi fano lomwe silingathe kukhala lopindulitsa nthawi zonse, koma nthawi zonse limakhala ndi gawo lachidziwitso. Mwachitsanzo, luso la zojambulajambula kapena zilembo oberiutov zimanyamula chithunzi, koma tanthauzo silili lofotokozedwa nthawi zonse. Fomuyi ili ndi chidziwitso, chifukwa nthawi zonse imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zofotokozera, imamvetsetsedwa ndi mphamvu. Ndizofotokozeka, mulimonsemo mawonekedwe amapangidwa kuti afotokoze lingaliro, mwachitsanzo, Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikulongosola kwa lingaliro. Fomuyi imamangidwa pa mfundo za kufanana ndi kufanana. Kukonzekera kwa anthu nthawi zonse kumachokera pa zinthu zilizonse zenizeni, mawonekedwewa nthawizonse amafanizidwa kapena otsutsana ndi zinthu zenizeni zadziko. Zilinso zosiyana, chiwerengero cha zojambulajambula ndizosasinthika, monga malingaliro a anthu akupitiriza kupanga mitundu yawo yonse yatsopano.

Mitundu ya mawonekedwe ojambula

Mwachidziwitso, pali mwambo wolekanitsa mawonekedwe ojambula motsutsana ndi nthawi ndi malo ake. Mafomu omwe amayamba m'nthawi yake ndi osakhalitsa: mabuku ndi nyimbo; Kuwonekera pa nthawi ndi malo: cinema, kuvina, zisudzo, zomangamanga; Maonekedwe okongoletsera ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito omwe amakhalapo mu danga: zithunzi, kujambula, kujambula, kujambula zithunzi.

Ndi chizoloŵezi chosiyanitsa mawonekedwe oterowo monga akunja ndi mkati. Maonekedwe akunja amagwirizana ndi njira zofotokozera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimasankhidwa ndikukonzedwa ndi wolemba molingana ndi malingaliro ndi zofunikira za mtunduwo. Fomu ya mkati imayanjanitsidwa ndi chitukuko cha zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira ntchitoyi, zimadziwika mu malemba, chiwembu, ndondomeko ya anthu.

Fomu iliyonse yodziwika imasonyeza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzera mu mawonekedwe omwe ali ndi makhalidwe ena. Kotero, mawonekedwe a zojambula bwino, malinga ndi A. Hildebrand, ali ndi mitundu inayi: kukhalapo, chodabwitsa, zotsatira ndi kuimiritsa, ndipo ali ndi makhalidwe monga chitsogozo, mafano, kufotokozera, mtengo wamtengo wapatali, malingaliro.

Fomu ndi mtundu

Pali lingaliro lolimba kuti mawonekedwe a luso ndi mtundu wa luso. Maganizo awa ali ndi zifukwa zonse, chifukwa mtunduwu ndi malo osakhazikika komanso omveka a ntchito ya luso. Fomu iliyonse yamakono ili ndi njira zake zokha. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu yojambula imakhalabe moyo, masewero, zithunzi, zomwe zili ndi magawo omwe amapereka mwayi wopanga zojambulajambula.

Fomu ndi kalembedwe

Fomuyi imakhala ndi ufulu wodziimira, imakhala ndi moyo ndipo ikukula mogwirizana ndi malamulo ake, koma nthawi nthawi zonse imakhala nayo mphamvu. Motero, mafashoni ojambula ali ndi mawonekedwe awo okhazikika. Iwo, monga mitundu, amagwirizanitsa zovuta zamakhalidwe abwino ndi zokhutira. Pali chilankhulo chofotokozera cha Art Nouveau, Gothic, Renaissance, Classicism, Expressionism, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zochitika za nthawi ndi zokondweretsa. Sukulu iliyonse ya luso mu nthawi yake imasankha njira yake yofotokozera, yomwe imapangidwira mawonekedwe ojambula. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a baroque amadziwika ndi ulemelero, redundancy, kukula, mphamvu, maganizo ovuta.

Dziko lakale: gwero la zojambulajambula

Mitundu yayikulu ya luso idayamba kupanga panthawi yomwe inayamba ndi kupanga. M'dziko lakale, ntchito zogwirira ntchito zinali zosiyana ndi syncretism, kudzipatula kwa mitundu yojambulayi kumapezeka molakwika. Choyamba pali mawonekedwe osankhidwa, njirayi inayamba m'nthaŵi ya Paleolithic ndi Neolithic. Fomu yakale kwambiri yophiphiritsa ndiyo yokongoletsera. Pambuyo pake, nyimbo ndi zolemba zowonjezera zimawoneka, zinkakhala makamaka mwa mawonekedwe a nthano ndi zolemba. Zithunzi za luso lakale zidasinthidwa ndi kupangidwa ndi zida zowonetsera. Patangopita nthawi pang'ono, sukulu yamakono yamakono imalimbikitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masewero, masewero, nyimbo, zofunikira kwambiri. M'zaka zamkatikati, chifukwa cha udindo wapamwamba wa chipembedzo, zomangamanga zimayambira kutsogolo, ndipo mitundu yatsopano yatsopano imapangidwira mmenemo, yomwe pambuyo pake idzakhala yoyenera. Kuyambira pa zakuthambo kwa masiku ano, chizoloŵezi cha zojambula chimayamba. Genre zolemba, kujambula, kujambula kumapangidwira. Nthaŵi ya machitidwe abwino adapindulitsa chuma cha maonekedwe ojambula ndi kumaliza mapangidwe a chikhalidwe cha zizindikiro zosatha za ntchito ya luso. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, pakhala pali chizolowezi chokula chojambula chithunzi chomwe chingagwirizane ndi mphamvu za mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Zosintha zamakono zamakono

Kupititsa patsogolo zamakono kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti luso lakujambula likukulirakulira pakupanga mitundu yatsopano ya luso. Pali njira zatsopano komanso zokhazikitsira komanso njira zowonetsera cholinga cha wolemba: kujambula, cinema, televizioni. Art imayesetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamakono kuti athetse mavuto ojambula.

Masiku ano mawonekedwe a zamakono amakumananso ndi nthawi zamakono. Pali mitundu yatsopano monga: luso la thupi, ntchito, graffiti, zochita. Ndipo chitukuko cha zamakono zamakono chimayambitsa kutuluka kwa malo, media-art, 3D-video.

Chizoloŵezi cha kupanga zinthu chikupitirirabe kugwira ntchito lero, wojambula wamakono sangagwiritse ntchito zofunikira za fomu imodzi kutanthauzira lingaliro lake, ndipo yankho la funso la mtundu wanji mu luso ndilovuta kupeza. Timawona kuti ngakhale muzojambula zochepetsetsa zotere monga zolemba ndi zojambula, mawonekedwe atsopanowu amawonekera. Choncho, ntchito zonse za pambuyo poyambirira zimayesa kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, malemba a M. Pavic "Khazar Dictionary" ndi U. Eco "Dzina la Rosa" akuphatikiza maonekedwe osiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe.