Kodi Pulitzer Prize ndi umene linapereka. Lodziwika Wopambana wa Pulitzer Prize

Masiku ano, Pulitzer Prize ndi mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri ndipo monga Motero, dziko zapamwamba mphoto ya utolankhani, photojournalism, nyimbo, mabuku ndi kuchita matsenga. Ndipo anavomereza ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri August 1903 Joseph Pulitzer, amene anali odziwika bwino American wofalitsa mtolankhani, dzina akadali kugwirizana ndi zikamera wa "atolankhani yellow" polemba chinenero chimenechi.

Dzhozef Pulittser anabadwa mu April 1847 ku Hungary. Pambuyo kusamuka kwa zaka seventini mu United States, mu 1878 iye akugula awiri odziwika bwino American nyuzipepala - "St. Louis Tuma" ndi "St. Louis Post", ndipo tingati latsopano magaziniyo - ". St. Louis Post-Tuma" Kukhulupirira mphamvu ya atolankhani pa malingaliro a umunthu, Pulitzer amagwiritsa kope ake kusindikizidwa kwambiri maganizo ndi osokoneza nkhani munali Kutsutsa zochita za akuluakulu. Posakhalitsa, kope lake anakhala mmodzi wa yopindulitsa kwambiri ndi wamphamvu kumadzulo United States. Mu 1883, iye amagula New York World, ndipo amautembenuzira iwo mu nyuzipepala otchuka, wodzala ndi uthenga ndale, lowonjezera ndi okhala ndi mafanizo. Kuti akalandireko kwa nyuzipepala yosindikiza phindu Dzhozef Pulittser Sukulu ya utolankhani amalenga ndi amakhazikitsa mphoto wotchuka.

Anatinso Mphoto Pulitzer ndi kupereka kwa Lolemba choyamba mu May, mamembala a US Columbia University kwa zinthu zazikulu m'munda wa mabuku ndi utolankhani. kuchuluka umafunika kuti asankhe ambiri a madola zikwi khumi. Payokha, gulu "Pakuti utumiki kuwunikako" amene wopambana salandira okha mphoto ndalama, komanso n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi "Pakuti utumiki woyenera m'deralo."

Okwana pali panopa pafupifupi 25 kusankhidwa osiyana, Pakati 14 mwacindunji zokhudzana utolankhani. Chaka chilichonse, mwapadera ndi mabuku mphoto mu kusankhidwa asanu: "Pakuti buku zopeka olembedwa ndi Olemba American la America", "Pakuti yonena kapena autobiography ndi wolemba American", "Pakuti buku lofotokoza mbiri ya USA", "Pakuti sewero bwino", "Pakuti ndakatuloyi" ndipo "Pakuti Non-Zabodza." Malinga ndi malipoti zinachitika, Prize Pulitzer (buku) sanali kupereka nthawi khumi, ngati loweruza anali amalephera kupeza ntchito iliyonse zolembalemba, woyenera mphoto ya.

Nkhani ya

Monga tanenera kale, Pulitzer Prize anabwera mu 1903, pamene wasenza chifuniro Dzhozefa Pulittsera. Choyamba kupereka mu 1917. Malinga ndi pangano pakati pa University Columbia (pansi pa mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu ya utolankhani yomwe akutenga malo pachaka mphoto ulaliki) ndi Pulitzer, gawo ndalama za mphoto ndi ndalama pachaka zimene umabweretsa Pulitzer Foundation, anapanga likuvutika ziwiri miliyoni ndalama ku yunivesite. Choncho, pachaka ndalama mphoto thumba chimachititsa madola m'ma 550 zikwi. Kuwonjezera zopereka za munthu wamalonda, thumba lina analengedwa mu 1970, amene amakopeka ndalama zina kwa malipiro a mphoto imeneyi yapamwamba.

chiwerengero cha kusankhidwa ndi mphoto ku komanso yekha kumawonjezera pa nthawi. Choncho, mu 1922, poyamba anaonekera mphoto kwa zojambula bwino, ndipo mu 1942 mphoto anali woyamba kupereka kwa chithunzi yabwino. pang'ono Patatha anadza nomination kwa nyimbo zabwino ndi zisudzo ed. Komanso, mu May 2006 mwa khama la Pulitzer Prize chimakwirira osati pepala, koma ntchito kompyuta.

The mpikisano loweruza

Pulitzer Prize okwana bungwe la matrasti a University Columbia pa zotsatira za Board ndi Adivaizale Komiti. Ndi thupi ili ndi mawu zikuluzikulu kudziwa opambana. Mamembala a komiti Advisory ndi kukhazikitsa muyezo kwa mphoto.

Poyamba, Board munali yekha wa ophunzira khumi ndi zitatu, koma mwa m'ma 1990 panali anthu khumi. Chibwenzi komiti Pulitzer limapangidwa Akatswiri 19 pakati pawo Prize woyang'anira, asanu ofalitsa odziwika bwino, wolemba wina, akonzi, ndipo asanu ndi asayansi asanu.

ntchito mpikisano wa komiti ya mphoto kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kutsutsa anthu. Chaka chilichonse loweruza analandira zinadziwika zambiri za kukondera ndi subjectivity mu awarding wa mphoto yapamwamba. Komabe, malinga ndi chifuniro cha Mlengi wa Pulitzer Prize, kusintha dongosolo la njirayi sizingatheke.

linapereka ndondomeko

Malinga ndi hayala mphoto, pakuti nomination utolankhani muyenera kupereka zinthu mwa mawonekedwe pepala palibe pasanafike woyamba wa February wa chaka panopa. Ntchito mabuku pa tsiku adzakhala July 1 chaka chatha chifukwa mabuku, amene anali kufalitsidwa kwa January kwa June; ndipo Nov. mabuku kofalitsidwa July kwa December.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti gulu la utolankhani akhoza ankanena m'malo mwa munthu aliyense pa nthawi yonse imene umafunika lapansi. Chinthu chachikulu kuti pempholo anapatsidwa mabuku a zolemba kutsimikizira phungu zoyenera kuti mphoto. Monga mabuku, Bungwe ayenera kupereka makope anayi pa nomination anaika patsogolo ndi bukhu review. A ndondomeko ofanana ntchito mu chiwerengero cha anthu ambiri Russian mabuku mphoto. Koma ntchito nyimbo mwamphamvu akhoza asankha kuti mphoto pasanafike woyamba wa March chaka chino, ndipo kokha pa chikhalidwe chimenecho mamembala onse loweruza ndi bwino ntchito yawo yolalikira.

Kusankha pa kupereka mphoto analandira mwapadera zoikidwa ndi University aliyense m'gulu ndi loweruza lapansi. Aliyense loweruza adzakonza mndandanda ofuna atatu ndipo aipereke kwa Pulitzer Board Prize. The Council, nayenso, imaunika nkhani zonse izo zisanachitike, kuphatikizapo zolembedwa m'mabuku, malangizo ndi ntchito za nominees, kenako patsogolo kale Buku zawo movomerezedwa ndi gulu la matrasti a University Columbia. Matrasti ali kusankha kwa Board mwamsanga kulengeza opambana, popanda kuyembekezera wozengereza wa mphoto boma mwambo. Tikumbukenso kuti matrasti ngakhalenso mamembala a loweruza sangathe kulimbikitsa kusankha kwa Board. mamembala ake kusankha pa awarding wa nominee iliyonse, mosasamala kanthu za malangizo a loweruza lapansi. Palibe wa matrasti, mamembala a loweruza kapena Council mwina nawo zokambirana kapena voti ngati mphoto kuwapatsa zimakhudza zinthu zawo. Council umembala okha kuti mawu atatu kwa zaka zitatu lililonse, ndi wantchito ali wodzazidwa molemekeza chinsinsi, amene ankayenera kupita ku ziwalo zonse zilipo za Board.

Wopambana wotchuka wa Pulitzer Prize

Popeza zikamera wa laureates izi Prize anakhala kwambiri olemba ndi atolankhani, amene anali onse odziwika ndi losadziwika ndi olemba anthu. Wopambana woyambirira wa mphoto anali mtolankhani American Herbert Bayard, amene anali kupereka mphoto yapamwamba chifukwa nkhani pansi udindo "Mkati mwa German Ufumu."

Mu zaka osiyana mphoto zolembalemba kupereka ntchito monga "wapita ndi Mphepo" ndi Margaret Mitchell, "Munthu Old ndi Nyanja" ndi Ernest Hemingway, komanso Harper Lee buku "aphe Mockingbird." Pa nthawi yomweyo ambiri a bukhu anapambana Pulitzer Prize, sanayambe mwa zabwino-ogulitsa, komanso kulandira mphoto siteji maseŵero konse pa siteji waukulu.

Koma opambana yachilendo wa Pulitzer Prize, woyamba nominee amenewa anali mtolankhani Russian Artyom Borovik ndi reportage wake "Malo 19" ntchito ya ubongo wa Institute. Komanso mu April 2011, mphotoyo kupereka Anne Politkovskoy kwa amafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za nkhondo Chechnya. Mtolankhani wina Russian - Alexander Zemlyanichenko - ziwiri nthawi wopambana wa mphoto Kuphunzira wake wa Moscow putsch mu 1991 ndipo Boris Yeltsin zithunzi.

Pulitzer Prize mabuku. Mbali yaikulu ya mphoto

Monga tanenera kale, Pulitzer Prize mabuku, motsutsana ndi opambana mu magawo ena si olemba nthawi odziwika ndi losadziwika. Ngakhale gulu la oweruza nthawi zambiri mlandu kulephera ndi chinyengo. Izi makamaka anachokera ku chakuti anthu ake kutsatira malamulo wasenza ndi Joseph Pulitzer, chimene mphoto imeneyi, komanso ena Russian mabuku mphoto, kupereka yekha kuti olemba amene anadzipereka m'buku lawo, ndi US mbiri.

Amagwira kuti mphoto analandira n'kofunika pang'ono zolembalemba Komabe, molondola ndiponso mwachilungamo kufotokoza moyo ku midzi kapena kuuza Mwachitsanzo, za mavuto a anthu achinyamata American. N'chifukwa chake deta zolembalemba ndi mphatso zidzasankhidwa osati mwa mtundu wanyimbo, ndipo mfundo nthawi. Chaka chilichonse loweruza amasankha mtengo ntchito pang'ono, ndi bwino kufotokoza panopa komanso wakale wa United States.

Kubvomereza atolankhani phindu

Pulitzer Prize utolankhani - ndi zofunika kwambiri ndi yapamwamba mphoto chifukwa periodicals American. Pamafunikanso angapo kusankhidwa, amene Akuti monga liwiro ndi kudalilika pamene chophimba zochitika ndi zopeleka wa atolankhani mu ntchito yawo. N'zochititsa chidwi mu nkhani iyi, opambana mphoto si anthu, koma buku lonse.

Mwina kwambiri pazikhala Pulitzer Prize. Laureates mu nkhani iyi ndi kalekale pasadakhale, ndi kulosera zotsatira za mavoti sikovuta. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anati nomination ndi imatengedwa kukhala bata ndi chete mu gawo ambiri zoipa ndi atamunamizira. otsutsa ambiri amavomereza kuti laureates onse a Prize analandira mphoto yawo ndi mpake kotero boma.

Music ndi Theater

M'munda wa nyimbo Pulitzer Prize ndi kupereka kuchuluka kwa madola zikwi zitatu. Iwo kupereka ntchito kwambiri ndi American Wolemba olengedwa mwa njira iliyonse yaikulu. Izi zonse loimba, choral ndi chipinda ntchito, masewero a ndi nyimbo zina.

palinso maphunziro apadera kuchuluka kwa madola zikwi zisanu kupatula nyimbo mphoto yomwe amaitcha kuti amaliza maphunziro apadera a mphamvu ya utolankhani, kuti anasonyeza kuti akufuna amakhazikika mu munda wa nyimbo, zisudzo, kinotelevizionny kapena kutsutsa zolembalemba.

Pulitzer Prize sewero ndi mphoto ndalama kuchuluka kwa madola zikwi zitatu. Iwo kupereka monga wolemekezeka a odziwika wotsogolera ndi mkulu wachinyamata, ntchito pa masewero ku Mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Monga momwe zilili ndi mabuku, ntchito ambiri akhala kuzindikira mkulu wa loweruza, iwo sanayambe mwasonyezedwa anthu ndi konse ankachitika pa Broadway.

chifukwa linapereka kuwombera

Pulitzer Prize ndi mpake kuti anali mmodzi wa zofunika kwambiri kwa wojambula zithunzi. Pakuti ambiri, zikutanthauza kwambiri kuposa malipilo monga ndalama. Ndi kuzindikira nyota awo, mtengo wa ntchito tsiku. Pa nthawi yomweyo padziko nomination akadali yomangika mtsutso. maganizo a anthu kwambiri maganizo, ndipo anthu ambiri samadziwa ngati zonsezi ndi zofunika Pulitzer Prize. Photos, umene linapereka, nthawi zambiri ankawoloka malire a luso ochiritsira. Zambiri za ntchito zoyenera pang'ono odziwika kapena kale pa mavuto m'mphepete nabivshim. Akatswiri kuonetsa lotseguka masewero a munthu ndi malo osweka za anthu. Choncho, ambiri zithunzi otsalafe ataonera chitayiko kwambiri.

Nthawi zambiri kudzudzulidwa imvera si ntchito kokha, komanso ojambula okha. Iwo mlandu kuti iwo kujambula zochitika zoopsa, osati anthu ovutika. Mwachitsanzo, Kevin Kartar, analandira mphoto mndandanda wa zithunzi "Njala mu Sudan" Seŵeroli mtsikana chokumana ndi njala ndi condor yaikulu, kudikira imfa yake, anadzipha miyezi iwiri yokha pambuyo mphoto.

opindula mphoto mu 2014

Lakhumi mu April 2014 akhala mwachidule ndipo analengeza mayina a eni wina Prize Pulitzer. Choncho, wopambana wa mphoto mabuku wakhala Donna Tartt ndi buku lake "The Goldfinch" imene limafotokoza nkhani ya mnyamata wa khumi ndi zinai, anayenda Manhattan atafa amake. Ntchito imeneyi inali woyamba pa mndandanda wa mabuku zana yabwino ya chaka monga mwa sitolo Intaneti "Amazon" kumapeto kwa 2013.

Zisudzo mphoto anali Enni Beyker kwa sewero lake "Flick", kuwonetsa gulu "Kochititsa ntchito". Mu gulu "Music" mphoto anali kupereka kwa Dzhon Lyuter Adams kwa nyimbo "Pezani nyanja."

Koma utolankhani, ndi "Public Service" gulu mphoto anapita m'zofalitsa "The Guardian" ndi "The Washington Post" imene ikuchitika kufufuza ndi ntchito US National Security Agency pa maziko a zikalata operekedwa ndi Edward Snowden. Mu nomination ndi "The zokopa zakuthupi" atolankhani anapambana buku lina American ( "The Boston Globe"), zomwe chidafundidwa ndi mabomba ndi zochita investigative pa mpikisano Boston. Best malipoti mayiko anapezeka ntchito REUTERS atolankhani, kuwauza za kuzunzidwa kwa Chisilamu ku Myanmar ndi malonda a akapolo.