Kodi Russian m'maboma boma ambiri, ndi chimene iwo ali?

Pazaka zaka twente-faifi, dziko lathu wopyoza kwambiri ya chipwirikiti, ndi zimakhudza tsogolo lake zina. The oyamba - ndi kugwa kwa USSR, lomwe zinkatanthauza scrapping dongosolo lonse la BOMA, kenako mapangidwe dziko latsopano - ku Russia.

Administrative vuto

Russia wakhala yaikulu Kupititsa mapangidwe, ndi tichepetse amene akupereka mavuto ena. The Russian Ufumu unachitikira chifukwa mphamvu autocratic mfumu, amene umayang'anira zida za bureaucracy ngakhale njira zing'onozing'ono ndi ndi kukula kwa dziko umanena mbali ya kusintha dera utsogoleli. Nthawi yoyamba anali mu ulamuliro wa Petra Velikogo, amene anagawa dziko lonse m'zigawozigawo lotsogoleredwa ndi akazembe, ndi atsogoleri a m'madera komanso anali mlandu kwa makoleji zenizeni, moti mfumu anali kuyesera kulowa dongosolo atatu gawo la ulamuliro. Komabe, m'madera ena anali pa dera la mayiko ena a ku Ulaya ofanana, motero Komanso pakhale kugawikana ku maiko ambiri. Nthawi zambiri, kusintha kwa ena kasamalidwe mmene streamlined, ndi pakati nawo mwayi kuti kwambiri ntchito kulamulira m'madera akumidzi. Komabe, munalibe subordination bwino.

zinachitikira m'mbiri

Kukonza zinthu, Mfumukazi akufunafuna kusintha latsopano. Mu 1775, lamulo linaperekedwa pa gulu la Russia mu zigawo 51 amene nawonso, ogaŵikana zigawo. Anatsogozedwa, monga kale, iye anali bwanamkubwa, koma anapitiriza kusintha kwakukulu zidalengedwa. Ulamuliro adalowa malo Bwanamkubwa-General, amene ogwirizana mu lamulo lake m'madera angapo, onse kuyambira 1775 mpaka 1917 kunali analengedwa 20 Boma General ndi wapadera utsogoleri-Kupititsa wagawo - Caucasus kazembe. Monga mukuonera, dongosolo ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi District Federal, amene anasintha mobwerezabwereza. Catherine II boma wachita pofuna kulimbitsa kuyang'aniridwa ndi makonsolo kulamulira zochita za abwanamkubwa ndi kuchepetsa mosavuta zionetsero anthu ndi wosakhutira. Inde, n'zotheka kusintha kwambiri dzuwa la loyang'anira-malamulo zida.

Dongosolo Soviet la kasamalidwe

Kukwera kwa 1917 kwasintha utsogoleli wa dziko. The Bolsheviks anayamba kumalire ndi m'madera akumidzi ndi mphamvu zambiri. Amene kenako anatsogolera ngakhale kuti kupasula mphamvu Soviet m'madera ena. Pozindikira kulakwitsa kwake, SNK mwamsanga anayamba kusintha machenjerero ndi njira ya chipangizo kasamalidwe. Mu mapangidwe wa USSR anatsimikizidwa mfundo federalist wa bungwe la boma, koma kwenikweni mphamvu ankalamulira akuluakulu onse phwando, ndipo ngati ife tiyandikira ndi kufanizira ndi Russian Ufumu, zimaonekeratu kuti akamanena sanasinthe. Ndipo kokha dzina zasintha. Mwachitsanzo, inu kulowa alembi mlingo chipani m'malo abwanamkubwa ndi ena oyang'anira dera amene kumbuyo chilango chitsulo ziwalo zawo "zigawo." Mlingo wa centralization mu nyengo ya Soviet, wafika pachimake ndipo msinkhu wake unali apamwamba kuposa ufumu.

Ndi angati Russian m'maboma feduro?

Kutha kwa Soviet Union ndi wotsatira "perete wa sovereignties" Akuluakulu a ku Russia waika pafupifupi pafupi azingokhala. M'madera ambiri a boma anakhazikitsa malamulo ake, omwe anali akusemphana ndi boma, kulamulira dera likulu anali pafupi ziro. Imeneyi, Pulezidenti Russian V. V. Putin waganiza kutsitsimutsa kasamalidwe yapakati-dera ndi chiwembu bwino ndi okhwima a subordination. akutsatiridwa ndi lamulo Pulezident "Pa zigawo feduro" mu May 2000. mayunitsi 7 Only zinalengedwa. Ndi angati m'maboma Russian feduro anali pachiyambi. kumalire anakopeka ndi fanizo gulu la Dipatimenti ya Loya General. Iwo ukuyamba bwino atatu gawo dongosolo la ulamuliro wa utsogoleri. Number m'maboma boma ku Russia zasintha kuposa kamodzi, wakhala kugwirizana ndi zochitika za ndale, ndiponso mayiko lawolawo. Chimango zolimbana cha kusintha ankaimira osiyanasiyana malamulo. Kusankhidwa malo nthumwi pulezidenti ku District Federal umabala mutu wa boma.

zifukwa za ndale chifukwa cha kusintha ndi chimango zolimbana

Ndipo angati m'maboma Russian boma pa nthawiyo, chifukwa kusintha posachedwapa (makamaka ku District Kumwera Federal wakhala allocated ndi North-Caucasus District Federal)? Mu March 2014 mogwirizana ndi zimene zikuchitika pandale ku Ukraine ndi referendum mu Crimea unapangidwa ndi wina chigawo boma -Krymsky District. Choncho, tikhoza kunena kuti pali 9 chabe m'maboma feduro, poyankha funso mmene Russia a m'maboma feduro. Kukonza dongosolo a boma yalimbikitsa ulamuliro wa boma pa zigawo, popanda kusemphana ndi mfundo za chitaganya asymmetric, ku Russia ndi zosatheka ndi lamulo lalikhulu ladziko. Zokonza m'munsi mwa nzika za Russia anabweretsedwa mu kumvera ndi mtima wonse ndi lamulo la feduro. District Federal la Russia pa mapu dziko amalembedwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kotero inu mukhoza msanga muganize kumene County, chimene zigawo zina mwa wagawo izi boma.

Final chithunzi cha utsogoleri-Kupititsa botolo la Chitaganya cha Russia

Takambirana kale anachitira ndi chiwerengero cha DOF ndi kumvetsa tsopano, zomwe boma m'maboma mu Russia kulibe. Ndipo umo ndi momwe izo zikuwoneka:

• Chapakati District Federal (Moscow).
• North-West District Federal (St. Petersburg).
• Kumwera District Federal (Rostov pa-Don).
• North-Caucasus District Federal (Pyatigorsk).
• Far East District Federal (Khabarovsk).
• Siberia District Federal (Novosibirsk).
• Ural FD (Ekaterinburg).
• Volga District Federal (Nizhny Novgorod).
• Crimea FD (Simferopol).

Onse a mayunitsi imvera woimira ulamuliro pa mutu wa boma, zimene pamapeto, mwachindunji wamng'ono kwa pulezidenti wa Russia. m'madera wake wa akatswiri zikuphatikizapo supervisory ndi kulamulira ntchito, umene wagawo lisanalengedwe, wopangidwa mwa zigawo zosiyana za osiyanasiyana chiwerengero cha m'madipatimenti. Pakali pano, tikhoza kunena Chigawo feduro la Russia (zikuchokera mayunitsi) zogwirizana ndi zofuna chimenecho wa boma.