Mafumu onse a Russia kuti (zithunzi): mndandanda wonse

Mmunsimu muli mndandanda wa onse tsars Russia. Kwa zaka pafupifupi 400 ya kukhalapo kwa mutu uwu anthu chosiyana - kuchokera adventurers ndi olekerera ndi osafuna kusintha kwa olamulira ankhanza.

Rurik

Kwa zaka zambiri, Russia (kuchokera Rurik kuti Putin) anasintha dongosolo la ndale nthawi zambiri. olamulira Choyamba ankavala mutu wa kalonga. Pamene patatha kugawikana ndale padziko Moscow zachitika latsopano Russian boma, eni Kremlin akuganiza mmene mutu achifumu.

Iwo anali ikuchitika pansi Ivan m'khutu (1547-1584). The Grand Duke anaganiza kukwatira ufumu. Ndipo chigamulo ichi chidachitika osati mwangozi. Choncho Moscow mfumu ananenetsa kuti iye - amene analowa m'malo mwa mafumu Byzantine. Zinali iwo amene anapereka Russian Orthodox. M'zaka za m'ma XVI Ufumu wa Byzantine salinso analipo (idagwa pansi pa alimbane wa Ottoman), Ivan Grozny molondola kuti zochita yake yaikulu ophiphiritsa.

Chotero kanjedza mbiri monga mfumu anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa chitukuko cha dziko lonse. Kuwonjezera chakuti Ivan Grozny m'malo ndi mutu, iye anagwira Kazan ndi Astrakhan khanate, kuyambira Russian kuwonjezeka kwa East.

Mwana wa Ivan Fedor (1584-1598) anali wolemekezeka ndi wofooka ndi thanzi. Komabe, ngati anapitiriza kukhala boma. Icho chinakhazikitsidwa ndi mabishopu a. Olamulira a boma Russian wakhala tcheru kwambiri ndi nkhani ya motsatizana. nthawi iyi, iye anadzuka makamaka yokhudza ufiti. Fedor analibe ana. Pamene iye anafa, Rurik mafumu pa mpando wachifumu ikayandikira.

nthawi ya Mavuto

Atamwalira Theodore anayamba kulamulira, Boris Godunov (1598-1605) - mbale wake malamulo. Iye sanali wa ku banja la chifumu, ndipo ambiri ankamuona ndi ufumuyo. Pamene chifukwa masoka achilengedwe wayamba ndi njala kwambiri. Mafumu ndi atsogoleri a Russia wakhala akuyesetsa kusunga mtendere mu zigawo. Iwo sakanakhoza kutero chifukwa cha zinthu zisaipe kuti Godunov. Dziko wadutsa zipolowe angapo osauka.

Komanso, adventurer Grisha Otrepyev ankadzitcha mmodzi wa ana Ivana Groznogo, nayamba nkhondo ndi Moscow. Iye kwenikweni anakwanitsa kugwila likulu ndi kukhala mfumu. Boris Godunov mpaka kufika sikuti ankakhala - anafa ku matenda thanzi. mwana wake Theodore II analandidwa ndi kupha ndi anzake Falsdmitry.

malamulo wonamizira chaka chimodzi pang'ono akugwetsedwa pa Moscow kugalukira, omwe anakhala ouziridwa amakhumudwa Russian boyars, amene sanali Lzhedmitry atazunguliridwa yekha ndi Polish Akatolika. Boyar Duma anaganiza pochitika korona Vasiliyu Shuyskomu (1606-1610). Mu nthawi wobvutika zambiri zasintha olamulira a Russia.

Akalonga, mafumu ndi atsogoleri a Russia mosamala kulondera mphamvu zake. Shuya sanalekerere ndi unagonjetsedwa ndi ankhondowo Polish.

Romanovs loyamba

Pamene 1613 Moscow anamasulidwa m'derali, funso linauka wa amene mwayekha. Lembali akupereka mafumu onse a Russia kuti (zithunzi). Tsopano ndi nthawi yolankhula za chitunda mpando wachifumu wa Romanov mafumu.

Mfumu yoyamba ya mtundu uwu - Michael (1613-1645) - anali mnyamata kwambiri pamene iye anatumizidwa kulamulira dziko lalikulu. Cholinga chake chachikulu chinali nkhondo ndi Poland kwa kutilimbikitsa pa Mavuto dziko lapansi.

Amenewa anali biographies olamulira ndi tsiku la Board mpaka chapakati pa m'zaka XVII. Pambuyo Mikhail akulamulira mwana wake Alex (1645-1676). Analowa Russian lamanzere gombe Ukraine ndi Kiev. Choncho, patatha zaka zochepa za kugawikana ndi Chilituyaniya ulamuliro anthu fraternal, potsiriza, anayambanso kukhala m'dziko lina.

Alexei anali ndi ana ambiri. The wamkulu wa iwo, Theodore III (1676-1682), anamwalira ndili wamng'ono. Pambuyo pomudzera nthawi yomweyo ulamuliro wa ana awiri - Ivan ndi Peter.

Petr Veliky

Ivan sankatha kuthamanga dziko. Choncho, 1689 anayamba kulamulira chokhacho cha Petra Velikogo. Iye kwathunthu anamanganso dziko m'njira European. Russia - kuchokera Rurik kuti Putin (kuti mumve, taganizirani olamulira onse) - mukudziwa zitsanzo zochepa nyengo wambiri ya kusintha.

A asilikali watsopano ndi asilikali. Kuchita izi, Petro anapezerapo nkhondo Sweden. '21 inatenga kumpoto nkhondo. Pa asilikali ake Swedish anagonjetsedwa, ndipo ufumu walola cede kum'mwera ake m'mayiko Baltic. M'dera lino mu 1703, idamangidwa ndi Saint-Petersburg - likulu latsopano la Russia. kupambana Petro anakakamizika iye kuganiza za kusintha udindo. Mu 1721 iye anakhala mfumu. Komabe, kusintha sanathetse ufumu - mu Mafumu tsiku ndi tsiku mawu anapitiriza kuitana mafumu.

Nthawi ya coups yachifumu

imfa Petro adamtsata ndi nthawi yaitali Kusakhazikika mphamvu. Mafumu anakwanitsa wina ndi mzake ndi zonse zodabwitsa, anathandizidwa ndi coups yachifumu. Pa mutu wa kusintha, monga ulamuliro, anaima alonda kapena ena ogwira. Mu nyengo iyi Catherine Ine malamulo (1725-1727), Peter II (1727-1730), Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), John VI (1740-1741), Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761) ndi Peter III (1761-1762 ).

Otsiriza a iwo anali German choyambiriracho. Pamene kuloŵedwa Peter III, Elizabeth Russia anachita nkhondo wopambana ndi Prussia. The mfumu yatsopano napereka akupeza onse, mfumu anabwerera ku Berlin, ndipo inachita pangano mtendere. kuchita izi, iye walemba imfa yake chilolezo. Alonda bungwe lina zokhumba d'etat, kenako mpando wachifumu anali mkazi Petro Catherine II.

Catherine II ine ndi Paul

Catherine II (1762-1796) anali kwambiri maganizo onse. Pa mpando wachifumu, iye anayamba kukhala ndi malamulo a absolutism otsalira. Mfumukazi bungwe wotchuka ntchito za bungwe la Zokonza, omwe cholinga chawo chinali kukonzekera ntchito mabuku a kukonza Russia. iye analembanso lamulo. Tsamba ili lili ndi mfundo zambiri za kusintha zofunika kwa dziko. kusintha The anaimitsidwa pamene mu 1770s imene Volga wamba kugalukira kunabuka motsogozedwa Pugachev.

mafumu onse ndi atsogoleri a Russia (kuti mumve ife kutchulidwa royals onse) kusamala za dziko mokwanira kuyang'ana m'bwalomo lonse. Zinali nazonso ndi Catherine. Wakhala ankachita pomenya nkhondo zingapo bwino asilikali ndi Turkey. Chifukwa, Russia wakhala Ufumuyo kwa Crimea ndi zigawo zina zofunika za Nyanja Black. Kumapeto kwa ulamuliro wa Catherine anali magawo atatu la Poland. Popeza Russian Ufumu wabweza kugula zofunika kumadzulo.

Pambuyo pa imfa ya mfumukazi ikulu mphamvu, mwana wake Paulo I (1796-1801). Izi munthu feisty sakonda kwambiri wa St. Petersburg osankhika.

Zoyambirira za m'ma XIX

Mu 1801, panali wina, ndi wotsiriza zokhumba d'etat. Gulu la anthu achiwembu anachita ndi Paulo. Pa mpando wachifumu anali mwana wake Alexander I (1801-1825). ulamuliro wake anabwera kuchokera ku nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ndi nkhondo ya Napoleon. Mafumu a boma Russian kwa zaka ziwiri ali si anakumana ngati lalikulu mdani alowererepo. Ngakhale adani a Moscow, Napoleon anagonjetsedwa. Alekizanda anakhala wotchuka kwambiri ndi odziwika mfumu ya World Old. Limatchedwanso "kumasula Europe."

Mwa dziko lawo monga mnyamata, Alexander anayesa kukhazikitsa kusintha owolowa manja. Chiwerengerochi mbiri zambiri kusintha njira yawo ndi zaka. Apa ndi Alexander posakhalitsa anasiya malingaliro awo. Iye anafa Taganrog mu 1825 m'mikhalidwe mwachinsinsi.

Kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wa m'bale wake Nicholas I (1825-1855) panali kupanduka wa Decembrists. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kwa zaka otsiriza makumi atatu, dziko kukondwerera kuti ndiwofatsa.

Theka lachiwiri la m'zaka za m'ma XIX

Nawa tsars Russian onse kuti, ndi zithunzi za. Nkhani yotsatirayi ikunena za wokonzanso waukulu statehood Russian - Alexander II (1855-1881). Iye anakhala za malonjezano a Mlengi wa anamasulidwa Amaya. Kuwonongedwa kwa feudalism anathandiza kukhazikitsa msika Russian ndi bizinesi. Dziko anayamba kukula zachuma. Kukonza anakhudzanso milandu, boma, utsogoleli ndi dongosolo usilikali. Mfumu anali kuyesera kulera dziko kumapazi ake ndi kuphunzira kuti anapereka kutaya Crimea nkhondo, wayamba pansi Nicholas I.

Koma ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira anali kukonza angapo a Alexander. Zigawenga mobwerezabwereza ankafuna pa moyo wake. Mu 1881, iwo anapambana. Alexander II anaphedwa ndi bomba kuphulika. Uthenga anakhudzidwa ndi dziko lonse.

Chifukwa zinachitika mwana womwalirayo, mfumu, Alexander III (1881-1994) anakhala okhwima reactionary ndi ndiwofatsa. Koma koposa zonse amadziŵika monga kukhazikitsa mtendere. Mu ulamuliro wake, dziko la Russia siinkachitidwa nkhondo.

Mfumu yomaliza

Mu 1894, Alexander III anafa. Mphamvu wadutsa mu manja a Nicholas II (1894-1917) - mwana wake ndi wotsiriza Russian mfumu. Ndi nthawi zakale kuti dziko ndi mphamvu zonse za mafumu ndi mafumu otha ake. Russia - kuchokera Rurik kuti Putin - anadziwa kwambiri ya chipwirikiti, koma anali pansi Nicholas iwo kuposa kale.

Mu 1904-1905. dziko anakumana ndi nkhondo manyazi ndi Japan. Iwo Pambuyo ulimi choyamba. Ngakhale zipolowe anali kuletsedwa, mfumu asintha maganizo onse. Iye anavomera kukhazikitsa ufumu oyendetsera dziko ndi nyumba ya malamulo.

Mafumu ndi atsogoleri a Russia nthawi zonse anakumana ndi chitsutso mu boma. Panopa anthu osankhidwa aphungu anafotokoza maganizo awa.

Mu 1914 nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Palibe ndiye amaganiziridwa kuti akathera kugwa kwa ufumu angapo, kuphatikizapo Russian. Mu 1917, February utasintha itayamba, ndi tsar chatha anali kunyalanyaza. Nicholas II ndi banja lake anaphedwa ndi a Bolsheviks mu m'chipinda chapansi wa Ipatiev nyumba Yekaterinburg.