Magawo chitukuko wa zamaganizo sayansi kuyambira nthawi zakale masiku ano

Poyerekeza ndi kholo la zamaganizo a anthu, mbiri ya mapangidwe ake ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ochepa. Komabe, patsogolo kalembera wa zamaganizo ngati woima nthambi ya sayansi ya zaka zapitazi ambiri, imene anapanga nzeru ndi luntha kwa moyo wa munthu - chotero "Kusakhazikika", "osamveka" ndi chosadalirika, koma ngati nkhani mabuku, omwe tapereka yokha kuphunzira ndi kuwerenga maganizo. Motero, magawo chachikulu cha chitukuko maganizo akhoza kugawidwa mu chisanadze sayansi, amene adanyamuka Kale, nthanthi - yaitali kwambiri, pamene kwa zaka anasonkhana ndipo anakhala chiphunzitso ena wa mavoti ndi kuonerera asayansi anzeru za munthu komanso "mkati dziko" ndi sayansi amene akuyamba ku cha m'ma XIX, pamene iwo anayamba kuchitidwa woyamba kafukufuku experimental mderali.

masiteji mbiri ya chitukuko cha kuwerenga maganizo kuyambira kalelo. Kumvetsa chikhalidwe cha munthu anafuna ndi anzeru wakale. Iwo anali kukhulupirira kuti kuli mtundu wina wa mankhwala kuti ndi udindo khalidwe lake. Materialists munthu ankayimiridwa ngati thupi lopangidwa maatomu mphindi n'zosatheka ankakhulupirira kuti wauzimu shawa ena ephemeral mankhwala okhala thupi osayang'ana ndi kamodzi wanzeru kwambiri. The kwambiri nzeru zapamwamba Aristotle Kodi kulekanitsa moyo kapena "psyche" za thupi, akukhulupirira kuti ili mu mtima wa munthu amasonkhana chidziwitso cha chilengedwe chonse motero amathandiza munthu kuzindikira yekha moyo.

moyo vuto wafunsira kukambirana katchulidwe ndi Zapakati. Azamulungu anakana chiphunzitso nthanthi ya moyo ndi zachilengedwe kafukufuku wa sayansi, kukhulupirira kuti chinthu chirichonse padziko lapansi, ndipo malingaliro a munthu makamaka amalowerera apamwamba mulungu. Scholastics anayesanso kugwirizana ndi ziphunzitso zaumulungu chiphunzitso Aristotle kufotokoza njira lapadziko ku maganizo a mtima wa munthu, "chiwalitsiro" chikhulupiriro cha Mulungu.

Magawo lotsatira mu chitukuko cha zamaganizo sayansi ali kuyamba ndi kutsitsimuka kwa zaka za m'ma XVII, ndipo iwo ogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha Descartes, amene analenga chitsanzo mechanistic khalidwe. Malinga ndi moyo wake, yomwe ili mu ubongo ndi chimapanga zomwenso ake, ndizoonekeratu misempha injini minofu, amene amalola kuti kusuntha miyendo ndi kuchita zinthu zina. Komanso, shawa zimathandiza munthu kuyendetsa zochita zake zimene limamusiyanitsa nyama. Izi chiphunzitso dualistic, kusonyeza kuti kuli moyo, kasamalidwe thupi mothandizidwa ndi chitsanzo makina, ngakhale chitukuko cha chidziwitso mu thunthu la munthu ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa kalekale kutsogolera nakhala poyambira chitukuko mfundo ina m'maganizo.

Magawo chitukuko wa zamaganizo m'zaka XVII, kugwirizana ndi kukula mofulumira sayansi zachilengedwe. Zimapangidwira, sayansi, ndiyeno XVIII m'ma Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, kuyandikira kuzindikira mmene kufala kwa mudziwe mu thupi la munthu, achititsa kuti mapangidwe ndi mapangidwe zamaganizo sayansi. Pomalizira pake, m'ma XIX zikuoneka Chaanthu ndi woyamba zasayansi komanso kulola kusunga zochita ndi zochita za munthu. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mapangidwe magawo atsopano chitukuko wa zamaganizo sayansi ali pa khalidwe. Izi anayamba ndi German wasayansi W. Wundt, anatsegula mu 1879, kwa zasayansi poyamba phunziro la zili ndi dongosolo la kutsitsimuka. Kenako, zasayansi yofanana bungwe mu Russian zachilengedwe wasayansi V. M. Behterevym.

zamaganizo Modern akuyamba chitukuko mu zaka mazana makumi awiri monga chopereka nthambi zosiyanasiyana za chidziwitso, kuphatikizapo malo kafukufuku ndi khalidwe wowerenga maonekedwe osiyanasiyana a psyche cholinga ndi njira zake. Kuyambira m'katikati mwa zaka mazana makumi awiri kwa nthaŵi magawo a zamaganizo kakulidwe - ndi zikamera ndi kukula kwa chiwerengero cha mayendedwe ndi masukulu (behaviorism, chidziwitso, mawunikidwe, zokana , etc.), ndi maganizo awo za anthu ndi njira zawo za makhalidwe, nthawi zambiri amatsutsana zina. Komabe, ndi kuzama kwa chidziwitso cha zotsutsana maganizo pakati pa mbali osiyanasiyana ankawachotsera kunja, pali njira Akasakaniza, wolowa kuchokera ziphunzitso alipo mwa mfundo zimene thandizo kumvetsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi kukulitsa njira zothandiza kuthandiza munthu kusintha ndi kugwirizana moyo wake.