Malasha: ntchito ndi kuchuluka

Ndikovuta kulingalira chinthu china chofunika kwambiri kwa anthu kuposa malasha. ntchito zake ndi multifunctional kuti nthawi zina anadabwa. Pa nthawi ngati zimenezi, mwangozi chikaiko zakukwawa, ndipo zikumveka zomveka ndithu funso mu mutu wanga: "Kodi? Izo zonse khala?! ". Onse anazolowera kuganiza za khala yekha kuyaka chuma, koma zoona, osiyanasiyana ntchito ndi zina lonse kuti zikuwoneka zabwino kwambiri.

Mapangidwe ndi chiyambi cha matabwa malasha

Zikamera wa malasha dziko wa lakutali Paleozoic nyengo, pamene dziko anali adakali siteji chitukuko ndi zinali mitundu mlendo kwa ife. Mapangidwe khala seams unayamba pafupifupi 360.000.000 zaka zapitazo. Izi zinachitika makamaka m'dambo madzi mbiri isanayambe, kumene kwa zaka mamiliyoni zinthu anasonkhanitsa organic.

Mwachidule, malasha - ndi zotsalira za nyama chimphona, makungwa a mitengo ndi zinthu zina zamoyo kuti imire pansi, wovunda mbamuikha pansi ndime madzi. The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe madipoziti ndi yaitali ndithu, ndi kupanga khala msoko amafuna osachepera zaka 40.000.000.

M'zigawo wa malasha

Anthu kale anazindikira kufunika ndipo irreplaceable malasha, katundu ndi ntchito monga icho chingakhoze kuunikira kusintha zimenezi mwaunyinji posachedwapa. Zikuluzikulu chitukuko cha madipoziti khala linayamba mu zaka XVI-XVII. mu England, ndi nkhani yotengedwa ntchito makamaka kwa nkhumba chitsulo zofunika yopangira mfuti. Koma kupanga ake ndi mfundo lero unali zonyozeka kuti makampani ake sangatengedwe kukhala.

kupanga zikuluzikulu linayamba cha cha m'ma XIX. Pamene mafakitale anayamba osauka basi ayenera malasha. ntchito zake Koma panthawi imeneyo anali ochepa okha kuyaka. Masiku ano, masauzande migodi ntchito padziko lonse, tsiku migodi kuposa zaka zochepa m'zaka za m'ma XIX.

Zosiyanasiyana malasha

Miyala ya matabwa khala angafikire yakuya makilomita angapo anatambasula mu mkati mwa dziko lapansi, koma osati nthawi zonse ndi pena paliponse, chifukwa onse zili ndi maonekedwe mitundu sakanikira.

Pali 3 mitundu ikuluikulu ya malasha: anthracite, lignite, ndi peat, umene uli zingaoneke kwambiri amatikumbutsa malasha.

1. Anthracite ndi mapangidwe wamkulu mu dziko la mtundu uwu, m'badwo pafupifupi mitundu iyi ndi zaka 280.000.000. N'zovuta, ali osalimba mkulu ndi mpweya zili 96-98%.

2. Kuuma ndi osalimba la malasha zofiirira ndi ochepa komanso zili mpweya mu izo. Iwo ali kusokonekera, lotayirira dongosolo komanso ladzala ndi madzi, zili umene angafikire 20%.

3. Peat umatchedwanso kuti mitundu ya malasha, koma sanabadwe anapanga, kotero kuti malasha, iye alibe kanthu.

Katundu wa malasha

Ndi tsopano atha kuona zinthu zina zothandiza kwambiri ndi abwino kwambiri kuposa malasha, katundu zazikulu ndipo ntchito imene wofunika kwambiri. Chifukwa munali zinthu ndi mankhwala, iye anali kokha singasiyanitsidwe m'madera onse a moyo wamakono.

The zikuluzikulu za malasha ndi motere:

• pafupifupi volatiles zili ukufika 35-40%;

• pafupifupi phulusa zili si upambana 15-18%;

• pafupifupi chinyezi wokhutira ranges kuchokera 12-15%;

• pafupifupi caloric okhutira wofanana 5500-7000 kcal / kg.

Onse a zigawo izi ndi kupanga malasha, ntchito ndi ntchito yomwe ndi Mipikisano zinchito. Kosakhazikika zinthu zili malasha, ndi kupereka poyatsira mofulumira ndi kupambana wotsatira wa kutentha. Mnyontho wa processing khala zimatithandiza calorie zili kuvumbitsira ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu asatayike ndi zodzoladzola, phulusa lokha ndi lofunika mchere chuma.

Ntchito khala mu dziko lero

ntchito zosiyanasiyana mchere. Malasha poyamba anali yekhayo gwero la kutentha, ndiye mphamvu (madzi inasanduka nthunzi) tsopano pa nkhani imeneyi, mwayi ndi khala zopanda malire.

Matenthedwe mphamvu ku kuyaka wa malasha ndi n'kukhala magetsi therefrom chopangidwa mankhwala coke anachira mafuta madzi. Malasha - mitundu basi zosafunika ali zitsulo ndi osowa monga germanium ndi gallium. Chifukwa yotengedwa coke mpweya uvuni, kukonzedwa ndiye mu benzene, amene olekanitsidwa coumarone utomoni, anakafika mu kupanga mitundu yonse ya utoto, lacquers, labala ndi linoleum. Kuwapeza malasha , chimasanduka onunkhira phenols ndi zapansi pyridine. Pa processing wa malasha wapeza ntchito mu kupanga vanadium, graphite, sulfure, molybdenum, nthaka, kutsogolera ndi kuchuluka akadali ndipo tsopano katundu wofunikira.