Mbiri ya malonda ndi kufotokozera kwake

mbiri Business akadali ndi nthawi zakale. Kwa zaka zambiri, zochitika zazikulu ndi mwambo wa akuchita malonda, ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe malonda. Ife kufotokoza mmene akutulukira mbiri ya dziko lapansi ya chitukuko malonda, chitsanzo chapadera cha kupambana ndi kuyamba bizinesi kuchokera zikande.

Lingaliro la malonda

Mu Russian, mawu akuti "malonda" n'chimodzimodzi ndi ntchito, mu English mawu amatanthauza "ntchito". Akamanena za zodabwitsazi lagona amapeza ndalama kalasi iliyonse.

Business - ndi Ntchitoyi zachuma zokhudzana ndi chiopsezo, udindo iwo adzatenge ndi wazamalonda. Wabizinesi Umo ndimo kudziyimira pawokha mmaudindo ndi gulu la bizinesi. Business ngati chodabwitsa zachuma, achilendo kwa malamulo, chuma ndi katundu mlandu, phindu mwadongosolo. Uliwonse boma lili ndi malamulo zake zoyendetsera ntchito amalonda, koma Mulimonsemo, kupereka mwalamulo ndi malipiro a misonkho pa phindu.

mitundu malonda

Pa zaka za mbiri ya chitukuko cha malonda anayamba mitundu yake yaikulu. Pakuti Njira yotchuka kwambiri ndi mbiri nkhawa kwambiri wakale malonda, wachiwiri mawonekedwe pafupipafupi - kusindikiza, ndi wachitatu - makonzedwe a misonkhano.

Mulinso mitundu monga inshuwalansi, chuma, ulemu ndi yausangalatsi. Pa gulu ndi malamulo makhalidwe kusiyanitsa mitundu imeneyi ya ntchito monga mgwirizano, mgwirizano, zochepa udindo pa kampani, mgwirizano malonda, kampani olowa katundu ndi mabizinesi banja.

Zikamera wa entrepreneurship

mbiri Business inayambira kalekale. The amalonda choyamba anaonekera pamene owonjezera mankhwala anayamba kupangidwa mu ulimi. Kenako anthu ambiri yogwira anayamba kusinthitsa katundu zinthu zina banja chakudya. tsintho nthawi inatenga nthawi yaitali, koma makamaka "amalonda" zidachitika mu malo ochepa lawolawo. Ndi ntchito ndalama zako anayamba yaikulu kuposa anayamba kuoneka zachuma, inshuwalansi bongo.

Business mu World Ancient

Izo zalembedwa kuti mbiri ya malonda umayamba Mesopotamia. Pali bongo gulu mayanjano adalenga zomwe kudzera Kuyamikira kupereka osiyana wotuluka malonda zachuma.

Mu Greece wakale, malonda boma kulamulira dera, ndi amalonda chinkhoswe mu Dongosolo la ntchito zosiyanasiyana, makamaka ndalama ndi ngongole. Kukula mofulumira bizinesi chikuchitika mu Roma. Amalonda kulenga mayanjano lalikulu banki, makampani popanga zovala, zida zankhondo, katundu wa m'nyumba ndi mipando. Panthawi imeneyi, iwo amayamba ntchito mwakhama ntchito aganyo. Koma kupanga anali makamaka Buku. Nthawi imeneyi, anapanga dongosolo loyamba la mlandu ndi misonkho ya malonda kuyesa zonse zochita zawo.

Business Middle Ages

Atagwa mbiri Roma Business alowa pa msinkhu wina wa chitukuko. Pali kukula mofulumira malonda chifukwa ubale wa Byzantine pakati kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo, akupeka limasonyeza latsopano pakati pa mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi maiko a kum'mawa.

Panthawi imeneyi, kuchuluka kupanga chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zokambirana luso. Anapanga gulu la amalonda, amene akugwirizana pa munalidi gulu, iwo kulumikiza likulu la pa kugula katundu akutali. M'zaka za m'ma 14 mu Italy kupangidwa dongosolo mlandu, amene anadzakhala chikhalidwe n'kofunika kuti chitukuko cha bizinesi. Pakutha Zapakati kuonekere makampani akuluakulu kuti osati chinkhoswe mu kugulitsa ndi mayendedwe a chuma, komanso iwo amapanga zosiyanasiyana katundu, wolembedwa ntchito yakulipidwa antchito.

chitukuko cha entrepreneurship

Popeza Age Chatsopano ndi kulowa nyengo yatsopano mu chitukuko cha malonda. Nthawi ya atulukira kwambiri Hrs zinachititsa kuti funde latsopano la ntchito entrepreneurial. Pali lalikulu malonda kampani, yomwe ingathandize zombo malonda ndi maiko kunja.

M'zaka za m'ma 16 Reformation zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa Chiprotestanti, omwe amati ndi ukoma zofunika khama ndi chuma sankaoneka ngati chizindikiro cha madalitso ochokera kwa Mulungu. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa ambiri amalonda ku Ulaya, ndipo makamaka mu kumpoto ake.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka 17 ndi 18, woyamba English wasayansi Cantillon limagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "ntchito". Kuyambira cha m'ma 18 m'ma akuyamba mafakitale, izo zitakhala zotheka mwamsanga kutulutsa katundu chotchipa lalikulu zedi.

Pa funde ichi, pali latsopano kalasi ya amalonda, industrialists amene ankafuna kupindula ndi kuwonjezera kupanga. kalasi Ichi chimakhala chenicheni "injini ikuyendera", amuna amalonda ndi initiators cha kubwera kwa umisiri watsopano, kufunafuna njira kusintha Mwachangu amakampani, kukulitsa njira zatsopano makampani kasamalidwe.

Mu zaka za m'ma 18, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa makampani olowa katundu ndi banki umenewu umatipatsa chakuti malonda wayamba zambiri ogaŵikana yaikuluikulu, kukula mofulumira kusiyana pakati pawo. Mu zaka za m'ma 19, anapanga gulu la capitalists amene aganyali chuma chitukuko cha ulimi.

malonda masiku ano

Chiyambireni cha m'ma 20 akuyamba siteji atsopano a malonda, pamene kukula mofulumira malonda. Panthawi imeneyi, khalidwe amakhala mbiri ya malonda kuchokera pansi mmwamba, kutsogolera zikuluzikulu chitukuko cha gawo ili amapereka dziko kuthetsa mavuto azachuma komanso kufala kwa malingaliro American za kupambana munthu aliyense.

Mu zaka za m'ma 20, pali munda latsopano la ntchito - bwana, anayambitsa njira sayansi kasamalidwe malonda ndi mwachangu zopanga ziphunzitso zatsopano zachuma.

Mu zaka za m'ma 20, pali wachitatu mafakitale zisinthe, imbaenda yojambula m'munda wa luso ntchito. A wozungulira latsopano la malonda kugwirizana ndi kukula malonda danga pafupifupi. E-malonda wakhala nsanja kukwaniritsidwa kwa maganizo a anthu amalonda wamng'ono. Iwo amakopeka osati watsopano, wapadera dera, komanso mwayi bungwe bizinezi ndi otsika ndalama koyamba.

Mbali pano amakhala ndi chitukuko mofulumira bizinesi kuti amagwirizana ndi nkhani ya ndalama ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito malonda m'madera zamakono za ulimi.

Mbiri ya malonda Russian: zikamera ndi masiteji

Russia ali chake pa munda wa entrepreneurship, m'njira yapadera. Chinayamba asapita ndalama m'dziko lathu m'zaka za m'ma 9, kenako amayamba wosanjikiza woyamba wa amalonda amene amayendayenda dziko mu chikhalidwe kwenikweni phindu pa ntchito yawo.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Orthodoxy pang'ono mochedwa kukula kwa ntchito, koma moyo sangathe anaima, ndi ndondomeko ya kuika bizinesi ya chisankho chawo pang'onopang'ono kupeza malo. Russia ndi dziko ulimi, makamaka nthawi zonse amakhala munda amalonda ulimi. Mu zonse, panali ambiri fairs ndi misika pa kukhazikitsa zakudya zosiyanasiyana.

Popeza theka lachiwiri la m'ma 16, dziko lifike nthawi revitalization mgwirizano ndi maiko ena ndi zotsatira opindulitsa pa chilengedwe cha malonda banja ndi artisanal. Pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezera kupanga katundu, anapanga gulu la amisiri amene amakhazikika mu ulimi wa mankhwala yake.

M'zaka za m'ma 17, boma anayamba kupereka thandizo kwa anthu amalonda, kulimbikitsa kanthu malonda. M'zaka za m'ma mochedwa 18 ndi chitukuko cha dongosolo banki sankakhala amayamba Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu amalonda payekha. Yopangidwa ndi wamalonda guilds, cooperatives luso, mayanjano zosiyanasiyana ndipo anthu ammudzi.

M'zaka za m'ma 19 mbiri ya malonda mu Russia wafika pachimake, pali malonda yaikuluikulu, anapanga gulu la industrialists. Pali madera atsopano mafuta, Russia akapitirira siteji ya mafakitale. Mtendere wa chuma anathandiza kukopa anthu mu malonda dera.

Chimene chinasintha m'nthawi ya Soviet Union. Chiyembekezo chakuti chuma payekha anatsogolera chakuti bizinesi anakhala opanda pake ndipo ngakhale oletsedwa. Kuchuluka kwa malonda wakhala m'malo mwa mabungwe boma. Pokhapokha kusintha ndi kubwerera ku njira ya chuma msika mu Russia kamodzinso mpata wochita malonda.

Kwa zaka 30 dziko wadutsa mu magawo a kudzikundikira likulu, anthu wamba, misika ndi kugawa chuma. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 21 dziko pang'ono kuti andipeze. Ngakhale gawo la ogwira ntchito payekha anayamba kutha mwa pakati pa mavuto azachuma. Today mu Russia mwachangu osauka mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga, madera e-malonda akutulukira, malonda wayamba kulengedwa mu gawo la luso.

tochepa

World chitsanzo chosonyeza kuti kukula khola la zachuma ndi chitukuko kupereka makampani makamaka ang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe. Mbiri yamakono ya tochepa limasonyeza kuti yaing'ono makampani ndi injini ya chuma. Zinachitikira Russian wa chilengedwe mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono kuyamba ndi 90s kwa zaka za m'ma 20, pamene anthu popanda kwambiri likulu kulenga kupanga zosiyanasiyana ndi olimba malonda.

Boma limapanga zosiyanasiyana njira kuthandiza tochepa kwambiri ndipo amafuna kuti 2030 za 60-70% ya anthu ndi ntchito gawo lino. Pa mbiri yaitali ya malonda akhala zitsanzo zambiri za kupambana yaikulu ndi zolephera. Choncho, kuchokera zikande kamodzi anayamba ntchito yake mwini yaikulu malonda maukonde wal-Mart. Semu Uolton anatha ndi bwino zawo chitsanzo malonda, kenako udachita iye mamiliyoni phindu natembenukira tochepa ku kampani yaikulu.

nkhani kupambana

World zinachitikira zitsanzo zambiri zosonyeza mmene anthu, chifukwa lili ndi akatswiri ake yogwira ndi zothandiza, anadutsa njira za mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono makampani akuluakulu. Nkhani ya kupambana pabizinesi achuluka.

Chidwi nkhani anzake atatu - Sigla, Baldwin ndi Bowker - amene anali ogwirizana chikondi chawo pa khofi ndi anatsegula shopu yaing'ono chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa wotchuka unyolo wa nyumba khofi Starbucks Coffee. Classic bwino nkhani ndi zitsanzo za Henry Ford ndi George Parker, amene anatha kulenga malonda yaikulu malingaliro awo ndi changu.

A tsamba osiyana mu mbiri ya entrepreneurship - izi ndi kuwonetsa bizinesi. Kudera limeneli kale ku Greece. Koma ngati makampani wayamba kutuluka mu m'ma 19 mochedwa. Mbiri ya yausangalatsi kumayambira United States, izo kumathandiza chitukuko cha kwambiri filimu ndi nyimbo phokoso.

Boom izi mu ntchito m'munda wa masewera kumayambira theka 2 zaka za m'ma 20, pamene uyamba mawonekedwe ano. Pali amalonda: amalonda, alimi, Ngopambana amene akuchita malonda phindu lawo la zisudzo, oimba, olemba. Today yausangalatsi - msika limene pali zambiri mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, sing'anga ndi lalikulu.