Mliri ndondomeko. Zochita za ndondomeko mliri

Infection ndi ndondomeko Mliri ndi mtundu mosalekeza anatani zimatiyika anthu ndi mitundu. Izo nawo sakanikira zamoyo zinachita-contingency ubwenzi aliyense tizilomboto zina, tiziromboti ndi thupi la munthu. Matenda ndi mliri ndondomeko kuoneka mitundu asymptomatic ndi kuwonetseredwa. Iwo amafalitsidwa Pamagulu anthu kusatetezeka kapena matenda, nthawi ndi gawo.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Zoterezi "ndondomeko mliri", anayamba ntchito kuyambira m'ma 19. Mmodzi wa zithunzi oyambirira zodabwitsazi anali kukonza Ozanamom mu 1835. Komanso, akatswiri chinkhoswe mu chitukuko cha malingaliro. Mawu akuti "mliri ndondomeko" kunayamba mu 1941 Gromashevskiy. Komanso Belyakov anati kudziwa nazo. iye anali kenaka patsogolo udindo wa kudziletsa lamulo mu ndondomeko mliri.

Ndime

Onse atatu. Pali zigawo zotsatirazi za ndondomeko mliri:

• Terms ndi chifukwa.
• Limagwirira ntchito za chitukuko za ndondomeko mliri.
• Mawonetseredwe.

The gawo loyamba limasonyeza akamanena za ndondomekoyi. Izo zimanyezimiritsa zimayambitsa mkati mwa mapangidwe ndi mavuto akachitika. Systematization wa uthenga gawo izi zimapereka mwayi mu mau kuyankha funso la chimene ali ndizosowa EPIDEMIOLOGY. Mankhwala kuchipatala - m'dera limene kafukufuku ikuchitika zinthu pathological pa mlingo organismal - gawo ofanana amatchedwa "etiology". Ulalo yaciwiri, tisaona patsogolo mapangidwe chodabwitsa lapansi. M'chigawo chino, ife kuyankha funso m'mene akuyamba. Mankhwala kuchipatala, munda ofanana amatchedwa "pathogenesis". Chigawo chachitatu kuwuluridwa mawonetseredwe kuti ayende mliri ndondomeko; systematised mudziwe kunyezimiritsa mbali chodabwitsa lapansi. Mankhwala kuchipatala, gawo ofanana otchedwa semiotics. Kenako, ganizirani siyana mu mwatsatanetsatane.

Zikhalidwe ndi zifukwa

Mogwirizana kwa tizilomboto ndi thupi amapezeka mu malo ndi nthawi mosalekeza. Pali zifukwa zosiyanasiyana za ndondomeko mliri. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, kwachilengedwenso. mfundozi kupanga mliri ndondomeko zifukwa zimene akuyamba mogwirizana pathological. Palinso Gulu lachiwiri. zinthu zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kayendesedwe imene ndondomeko udzachitika. Mogwirizana ndi zotheka pamaso pa zimayambitsa ndi zinthu.

Mphamvu za galimoto chikhalidwe kwachilengedwenso

Izi chinthu - parasitic dongosolo limene pali mogwirizana yeniyeni. mbali yake ili mbali chosiyana. Choncho, majeremusi kuonetsa pathogenicity khamu - chiwopsezo.

mphamvu chikhalidwe

zinthu izi monga kuipidwa a zikhalidwe zimene zimalimbikitsa kapena kulepheretsa zochita za ndondomeko mliri. Ena mwa iwo:

• zimbudzi midzi.
• Yogwira anthu.
• Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe.

anthu yogwira

Ndi njira zina likukhudza mlingo wa otaya ndondomeko mliri. The mphamvu ntchito chikhalidwe, ndi yapadera kwambiri mogwirizana ndi majeremusi ndi chamoyo. Mbiri yakale, pachimake mu chosintha ndi nkhondo. ntchito pelesenti amatha kuonekera pa msinkhu wa anthu lonse kapena banja makamaka.

kusintha umoyo

mlingo wake likukhudza mlingo pa zimene ndondomeko mliri umayenda. Mawu akuti zikuphatikizapo pafupipafupi kusintha ukhondo deta ndi kutaya zinyalala chakudya ndi olimba. Komanso iye ankachitira boma ukhondo ndi madzi kachitidwe.

patsogolo chikhalidwe

Mlingo wa chitukuko mafakitale ndi chikhalidwe ali ndi chikoka mozungulira pa zinthu zimene ndondomeko mliri umayenda. Mu nkhani iyi, angakhale ndi zotsatira zabwino ndi zoipa. Zitsanzo woyambawo tinganene kuti monga zakudya komanso yabwino ya moyo, ndipo chotero, kuonjezera anthu a chitetezo chokwanira, komanso kusintha chikhalidwe cha khalidwe, maphunziro ukhondo, patsogolo sayansi. Chikoka zoipa zimaoneka za kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mowa, kusintha chikhalidwe kugonana (kufala kwa matenda a chiwindi tizilombo HIV), kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, zofooketsa chitetezo cha mthupi.

zinthu zachilengedwe

monga zigawo abiotic ndi biotic kuti mfundozi. Yotsirizira ndi zinthu za chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mmene zolimbana mwa zigawo biotic zingachititse kusintha mphamvu ya ndondomeko mliri akuthamanga pa maziko a manambala osiyanasiyana a makoswe mu matenda zachilengedwe mogwirizana mtundu. Ngati vekitala ofalitsidwa zoonoses kusamuka ndipo chiwerengero cha arthropods ndi chilangizo amasintha azikhala chodabwitsa lapansi. Mwa zigawo abiotic monga landscaped zinthu Hrs ndi nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene akuyandikira equator kumawonjezera zobwezedwa nosological mabungwe pathologies.

Epidemiology matenda opatsirana

Lamulo loyamba Gromashevskiy ndiyo njira ya zimene zimachitika pakati pa tiziromboti ndi thupi la munthu kuti wa ku lapansi. Choncho, pali limasonyeza zotsatirazi za ndondomeko mliri:

• Gwero la wothandizira.
• Kufala limagwirira.
• Atengeke chamoyo.

Ulalo lotsiriza la ndondomeko mliri ndi gulu lawo.

Gwero la wothandizila

Ndi kachilombo munthu, nyama kapena chomera chamoyo. matenda a anthu atengeke akhoza anachokera ku izo. magwero zovuta ndipamene posungira. Pakuti anthroponoses munthu amachita monga nthumwi causative, amene ali pano asymptomatic kapena kuwonetseredwa mitundu ya kudwala kwa zoonoses - nyama (zakutchire, synanthropic kapena kunyumba). Ndipo adzakhala sapronoses zinthu abiotic chilengedwe.

The kulanda tizilomboto pa

The EPIDEMIOLOGY matendawa kumaphatikizapo njira yeniyeni kusamukira majeremusi m'thupi wathanzi ku akhudzidwa. Malinga ndi lamulo lachiwiri la Gromashevskiy, tizilomboto HIV ndi malingana ndi kutanthauzira zake zikuluzikulu. Izi zikhoza kukhala magazi, flakes khungu, ntchofu, ndowe. Monga njira zoyendera akutumikira zinayendera ndi kuchuluka kwa kutengerapo chinthu chimene limagwirira ndi akuyendera.

majeremusi njira malowedwe

1. Njira aerosol. Pamafunikanso m'njira zotsatirazi:

- mpweya dontho (kudzera SARS, meningococcal matenda);

- airborne fumbi (njira imeneyi ndi Mycobacterium TB, fever).

2. fecal-m'kamwa njira. Pamafunikanso njira monga:

- kukhudzana-banja;

- madzi;

- chakudya.

3. Contact njira. Pamafunikanso njira mwachindunji ndi zotsalira za HIV.

4. transmissible njira. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo njira monga:

- yokumba (kugwirizana ndi mwai zachipatala: kugwirizana ndi opaleshoni, jekeseni, kupatsidwa zina, kuikidwa, chifukwa njira yodziwira);

- zachilengedwe (excreted ndowe transporter, ndi inoculation ndi mtundu tizilomboto kontaminatsionnom - umayamba ndi malovu).

General gulu

Pali zifukwa zingapo za HIV. Makamaka, osachiritsika akutali, koyambirira ndi wapakatikati. Choka zinthu komanso salembedwa ogaŵikana zikuluzikulu ndi zina. Pofuna kulimbikitsa magawo tiziromboti ndi monga:

• Kutalikirana kwa chonyamulira thupi.
• Khalani mu malo akunja.
• Malowedwe predisposed matenda chamoyo.

chiwopsezo

Iwo amatha matenda khamu pathologies chikwiyire ndi majeremusi. Izi anawonetseredwa mu mawonekedwe a pathological ndi zoteteza ayankhe yeniyeni (chitetezo) ndi nonspecific (bata) zosiyanasiyana. Kusiyanitsa mitundu zotsatirazi cha kuzindikira:

• Munthu (phenotypic ndi genotypic).
• Species.

Chitetezo chokwanira amachita ngati yankho yeniyeni malowedwe a wothandizila yachilendo. Kukana (kukana) ndi zochita zovuta chitetezo nonspecific mtundu.

Zochita za ndondomeko mliri

Mogwirizana kwa tiziromboti ndi anthu kumaonekera mwa mawonekedwe a kuipitsidwa kwa otsiriza. Zitatero, khamu atengeke mwina kudwala kapena kukhala chonyamulira cha tizilomboto lapansi. Pa anthu pokha mawonetseredwe mlingo kuperekedwa monga matenda ayi, pamaso pa mliri (epifitoticheskogo, epizootic) kapena zachilengedwe cholinga, kung'anima, mliri kapena mliri.

mwamphamvu

yogawa ayi ogwera ina gulu, nyengo, dera. matenda Mliri ndi kuwonjezeka afika msinkhu wa infestation. Anasintha gulu Pankhaniyi anachita malinga ndi magawo kanthawi ndi dera. Mliri yoyamba ndi yochepa phindu la matenda mwa gulu linalake. Chikudziwikabe chifukwa chimodzi kapena ziwiri nthawi makulitsidwe. Mliriwu kuwonjezeka zochitika ku dera kapena chigawo. Monga ulamuliro, limafotokoza nyengo pa chaka. Mliri amadziwika mlingo wa matenda kumatenga zaka zochepa kapena zambiri. Kugawira kudwala Pankhaniyi pa dziko lapansi.

The unevenness a kuwonetsera

Mwina ikukhudzana m'madera a nthawi, magulu. Mbali yoyamba, gulu zachokera m'dera kufala kwa thanki. Makamaka, olekanitsidwa:

• Global m'deralo. Pankhaniyi, zimene ikuchitika pakati pa munthu ndi anthroponoses posungira.
• Malo dera - masoka focal zoonoses.

Irregularity nthawi:

• Cyclicity.
• Seasonality.
• Irregularity akuluakulu matenda.

Non-pachilichonse za magulu anthu wachinsinsi ndi mbali epidemiologically kwambiri ndi anzake. Dama gulu:

• Age.
• Professional.
• Malinga m'nyumba ya (m'tawuni kapena akumidzi).
• Osati wa bungwe ndipo anapanga bungwe.

Kufalitsa malinga ndi mbali epidemiologically zofunika ikuchitika pamaziko a akatswiri zomveka kumasulira. Mwina zosiyanasiyana zinthu, monga ndikamezetsanidwemo.

Umoyo-zachilengedwe lingaliro

Bukuli lili pa udindo njira dongosolo. Mwa ichi mfundo chida muli ndi ndondomeko ya dongosolo masanjidwe. Limasonyezanso mogwirizana zinchito pakati pa zochitika chimakhala ndi mulingo uliwose. Malinga ndi mfundo ndondomeko mliri zikufotokozedwa mu mawonekedwe a dongosolo locholoŵana Mipikisano gawo. Iwo amaonetsetsa kuti kuli, kubalana ndi kufalitsa tizilombo parasitic kupanga pakati pa anthu. Mlingo 2 wakhala allocated mu dongosolo la: eco- ndi sotsekosistemny.

dongosolo parasitic

Kumasiyana increments. Izi zikutanthauza kuti imakhala ndi anthu ena ku anthu khamu. Mu chamoyo m'kati ndondomeko opatsirana, m'kukoma mawonekedwe a chikuku kapena zovuta kudwala matenda. Pamene kukhazikitsa njira HIV ndi anzake a tizilomboto mu atengeke chamoyo kusandulika interpopulation. Mogwirizana ndi dongosolo parasitic lili ufumu wa njira zambiri opatsirana. Lingaliro la ndondomeko mliri amakhala bwinobwino popanda cholinga cha limagwirira HIV.

kapangidwe masanjidwe

Iwo kusiyana ndi khalidwe Mipikisano msinkhu ndi zikuphatikizapo zigawo zingapo Kumvetsela:

• Organismic. Kulankhula mu nkhani iyi mwachindunji pa ndondomeko opatsirana. Iwo zimavuta machitidwe amene timapemphera mu mawonekedwe a organismic subpopulation wa tizilomboto ndi gulu la bwino zamoyo bakiteriya a.
• Cell. Pa mlingo pali dongosolo wopangidwa mwa munthu mmodzi yekha wa tiziromboti ndi maselo a chandamale chamoyo.
• Minofu-limba. Pa mlingo, ndi kagawo m'dera la tiziromboti ndi interacts ndi gulu enieni zimakhala zina ndi ziwalo za asilikali.
• Subcellular (maselo). Apa zida majini kucheza ndi tinthu zamoyo tiziromboti ndi khamu.

Apamwamba mu dongosolo sotsekosistemny ankaona mliri ndondomeko msinkhu, imene topezeka ali m'gulu monga mmodzi wa subcategories mkati. chachiwiri akuyimiridwa mu mawonekedwe a gulu chikhalidwe. Chimayambitsa chitukuko ndi zina mliri ndondomeko amachita ndendende mogwirizana wa subsystems awiri. Pa mliriwu mu ekostrukture malamulo ndi magulu chikhalidwe.

Mwachitsanzo

Mu February, 2014 ku Guinea (Africa West), mliri wa Ebola. Iye ulipobe. Mu nkhani iyi, Ebola mliri kwapita kupitirira boma ndi kufalikira ku mayiko ena. The zinkakhala m'dera zikuphatikizapo, makamaka Sierra Leone, Liberia, ndi United States, Senegal, Mali, Spain, Nigeria. Pankhaniyi ndi wapadera chifukwa matenda wayamba kwa nthawi yoyamba mu Africa West. Madokotala m'mayiko kumene kufala kudwala, ndiribe ndi anthu amene izo. Zinthu kulimbikitsa mosavuta mantha pakati pa anthu chifukwa cha kusocheretsa anthu. Kuthandiza boma Guinean anatumizidwa ku maofesi ndi ogwira mu magulu osiyanasiyana mayiko osiyanasiyana. Makamaka, anathandizidwa ndi: United States Center kwa Epidemiology, Russia, Rospotrebnadzor, bungwe la European. Kuthandiza anatumiza ndi Economic Community wa States kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Mu Guinea ntchito Epidemiology Laboratory. Akatswiri kusonkhanitsa ndi mwakuya za mfundo za matenda. Epidemiology Center anapereka chithandizo kwa anthu, olekanitsidwa anthu athanzi kachilombo. Inafotokozedwa ndi WHO woyang'anira wamkulu Keiji Fukuda kumene kunachitika mliri anakhala wamphamvu zonse kuchita.