Mowa thermometer: mwachidule za opanga zabwino ndi zitsanzo

Tsopano onse amene akudziwika mowa thermometers. Monga anauka, zimene yonse ya zida alipo panopa ndi momwe iwo ntchito?

Kalekalezi wa thermometer zamakono

Akukhulupirira kuti atate wake adali Galileo Galiley thermometer. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVI, analenga ena semblance lamakono chida otchedwa thermoscope. Mpheroyi mbewa zakufa ndi kapu chubu, ndipo anaikonza kuti aone ngati kusintha kutentha madzi. Scale mu chipangizo izi sizinali. Choncho, kuti tipeze momwe izo zasintha sikunali kotheka.

Ndiye bwino chipangizo, kuwonjezera sikelo ya mikanda, mpweya linamasuka, chulucho-mpira anatembenuka oposa. Pomaliza, madzi m'malo ndi ethyl mowa. Iwo anachita Florence Torricelli. luso Izi walola kugwira miyezo mu nyengo ndi kuzizira. Pambuyo madzi pa yozizira koopsa sikuti kuyenda lonse lapansi. Yekha galasi chotengera kuphulika ndi sanali kumusamalira. Komanso, mowa thermometer ufulu wodzilamulira a kuthamanga mumlengalenga. A ochepa wa thermometers akale Florence anapulumuka ndipo pa Galileo owonetsera zakale.

Division adayikidwa pa chubu usavutike enamel, ambiri woyera, winayo wakuda. Childs osiyanasiyana anali ku -10 kuti +40. Chubu ladzala ndi mowa ndipo losindikizidwa ndi sera. Mowa thermometers mbuye wina anasonyeza makhalidwe m'mikhalidwe muyezo. Koma nagawira yense mbuye anali osiyana. Tikafuna kugawanitsa lonse 100 ndipo zambiri zidutswa kuti mtengo womwewo analephera.

Lembani Mercury thermometer anatulukira G. Fahrenheit. Kunapatsa lonse pa yozizira koopsa kufika brine, 32 madigiri Fahrenheit, madigiri 96 - kutentha thupi, 212 kuzizira madzi. thermometer Izi ntchito mpaka m'ma XX atumwi, ndipo mu United States akupitiriza ntchito lero.

kusintha thermometer

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII Gilyom Amontons kusintha dongosolo kayesedwe. The France amene anatulukira thermometer mowa, kutsatira kusintha elasticity mpweya, kunyalanyaza zoipazi. Pankhaniyi, lonse wakhala ziro kutentha, lomwe limatchulidwa ziro mtheradi. Mfundo ina nthawi zonse thermometer wakhala mfundo ya madzi otentha. Koma France amene anatulukira thermometer mowa, sankaona chikoka cha kuthamanga mumlengalenga pa mfundo kuwira kwa madzi.

Mu maonekedwe anali kupopa barometer lotseguka bondo m'mwamba. Pansipa anali njira ya potashi, ndi pamwamba pa mafuta. thanki linasindikizidwa.

miyezo Scale kutentha

chipangizo chamagetsi Izi si ofanana kwambiri kwa thermometers ano mzimu kuyeza kutentha. Panthawi imeneyi, asayansi ambiri ntchito pa chilengedwe kapena kusintha zitsanzo zake zilipo.

Kukweza chipangizo china ku France. Mowa thermometer Reaumur anali ndi sikelo kuyambira madigiri 0 80. ayezi anali atasiya pa 0 digiri, ndi madzi owiritsa pa 80. Iye anazindikira kuti Mercury ndi mowa kuwonjezera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa cha sikelo ya thermometers sayenera kukhala chomwecho. Koma thermometers wake anali wamkulu ndi wovuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

Kuyambira cha m'ma XVIII kwa XX m'ma angapo atulukira zofunika zidalengedwa. Swede Anders Tselsy ndendende kumatanthauza kuwira mfundo ziro, ndi yozizira koopsa ake - mfundo 100. Anapeza kuti yekha ayezi kuwira kutentha zimadalira kuthamanga mumlengalenga, ndipo kuzizira zilibe bwanji. Choncho, magawano inali chimodzimodzi.

deta yeniyeni pa amene ndendende chasanduka lonse "pamutu pake" ayi. Ena amanena kuti wapanga wokha Celsius. Akatswiri ena amatamanda ndi kusintha malangizo a lonse Carl Linnaeus kapena Morten Shtremer.

English wasayansi Kelvin (Vilyam Tomson) adalenga mtheradi kutentha lonse ku ziro mtheradi pa Celsius lonse ndi madigiri -273,15.

M'zaka za m'ma XVIII thermometers mowa akhala inafalitsidwa mu Europe. Iwo anayamba kugulitsa pamodzi ndi katundu wina. Pamene mamba kutentha wakhala amadziwika 19. Choncho, M. Lomonosov anapereka wake, ndi 150, ndipo Lambert - sikelo magulu 375, omwe anali ofanana ndi zikwizikwi za kuwonjezeka mpweya.

m'ma XVIII ikusonyezedwa ndi kupezedwa kwambiri m'munda wa chilengedwe ndi kusintha kwa zipangizo, kuphatikizapo thermometers mowa.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XX anayamba kutuluka, mayendedwe latsopano ndi zipangizo mfundo zosankha zake.

mitundu ya thermometers

• Phula.
• Lopangidwa ntchito pa mfundo yomweyo, koma m'malo ntchito zakumwa bimetallic Mzere kapena mwauzimu.
• Pakompyuta zitsulo ntchito kusintha kukana mchikakamizo cha kutentha. Monga ntchito pulatinamu waya wochititsa kapena plating pa ceramic. Kuchokera -200 ° C kwa 850 ° C.
• Kuwala sipekitiramu zochokera mlingo wa kusintha kapena magawo ena. Zikuphatikizapo infuraredi gauges kutentha kwa thupi opareshoni popanda kukhudzana anthu.
• Manometer, thermometers thambo pyrometric, thermoelectric.

thermometers luso

Izi zikuphatikizapo mabomba zochokera mitundu yonse ya miyeso. Iwo yodziwika ndi kusinthasintha kuchuluka kwa zinthu ntchito. Ndi alimi ndipo kugwedera-olekanitsidwa kwa nizkogradusnye spetskamer zopangidwa mafuta ndi zasayansi. Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito unsembe mu piping ndi, akasinja zosiyanasiyana mankhwala ndi chakudya mafakitale, makamaka mu processing shuga Beet.

Ntchito, ndi m'nyumba kuwayang'anira kutentha mu ubongo osiyanasiyana.

Iwo akhoza kukhala ofukula ndi okhota. dzina zimadalira mtundu wa mmunsi: mowongoka kapena angled.

Mfundo zikugwira ntchito ya mowa thermometers luso zochokera chakuti njira ntchito zambiri kapena wabwerera mchikakamizo cha kutentha.

Pamaso kugula ichi chida choyezera m'pofunika kukhala bwino ndi makhalidwe ake.

thermometer mowa luso mwina kuyeza kutentha kwa -70 ° C 600 ° C.

Mowa thermometer digiri 100 si oyenera kumalongeza. Choncho, chodzaza ndi imatengedwa okonzeka pamene kutentha ake ukufika 106 ° C. Thandizeni kuyeza mowa thermometer ake asayambe TK-1 iliTK 110 zinachitikira zitsulo.

Anadzaza thermometers

thermometers Phula ntchito kudzazidwa ndi Mercury ndi mowa. Koma nthunzi ya mankhwala enaake ndi owopsa kwambiri kwa thupi. Iwo anapanga, ngati tiswa thermometer. Kotero tsopano, Mercury thermometers sizigwiritsidwa ntchito.

thermometers panja

Tsopano thermometers chachikulu msewu mowa kukhala wotchuka. kutalika angafikire 80 masentimita ndi zambiri. Iwo akhoza azikongoletsa makoma a ofesi, shopu kapena banki. Chimango matabwa a mtengo wapatali, pulasitiki kapena zitsulo zikuwoneka olemera ndi choyambirira. Scale ceramic lubwe molimba ndi odalirika.

Chotero mowa thermometer miyeso kutentha kunja kwa -53 ° C kwa 51 ° C.

Thermometer "Mphesa masamba" makampani German TFA Dostmann GmbH ndi zachitsulo Mundinyamule. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kunja kapena mkati. Kutalika kwa masentimita 385.

kampani German angatchedwe Moller-Therm GmbH. Amachita wa thermometers apamwamba mkati. The chitsimikizo pa iwo - zaka 2.

Nthawi zambiri ntchito amamwa thermometers panja ang'ono. Iwo amagwira ku zenera kapena Velcro ku mbali matabwa a mawindo ndi zitseko ndi zomangira. Popular panja awiri kumbali thermometers Velcro mowa ndi sikelo, chimene chikhoza kuonedwa zenera galasi. Ndipotu, pofuna kudziwa kutentha pa msewu, safuna kusiya nyumba. Mlengi m'modzi - Penosil (Russia).

Pali zitsanzo nyumba pulasitiki.

Kuyeza kutentha madzi

Mowa thermometer angathe kuyeza kutentha madzi osamba mwana akusamba. Kuchita izi, izo ziyenera kukhala zapapayan pa nkhani pulasitiki.

anthu ambiri amakayikira ngati kumwa mowa thermometer kuyeza kutentha kwa madzi, zomwe zithupsa? Ayi, chifukwa mowa zithupsa pa m'munsi kutentha kuposa madzi. Koma pali mwapadera losindikizidwa ndi calibrated thermometers ndi zimenezo. Choncho, ntchito thermometer mowa madigiri 100 Celsius. Ndi kutentha boma ziro ikugwirizanirana bwino kuposa mankhwala enaake a. Pambuyo Mercury amaundana pa madigiri 39 Celsius. Ngakhale mowa kuyeza kutentha kwa madigiri 70 Celsius.