Olungama wa dziko ndi ntchito zake

Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse anabweretsa dziko yekha mavuto ndi mazunzo. Imfa m'dziko muno, kutenga mu manja ake wakuda wa ana, akulu, ndi okalamba. Policy ukachotse anthu awo nkhondo gawo. Masauzande anyamata anapita kutsogolo, kotero kuti asabwerere.

Koma kunapezeka kuti nkhondoyo yatulusa imfa, osati pa nkhondo, kumakhalanso wamba akhudzidwa. Kupatula kupondereza wosatha wa anthu Union, zomvetsa yaikulu anali Ayuda European. Kuteteza yotsirizira akanakhoza kokha munthu wolungama dziko.

akuitanira

Pambuyo Nazi, anaganiza mphoto amene anali sanyalanyaza tsoka la anthu a chiyuda. Izi ananyamula Israel Institute of Nazi ndi ungwazi. Tikukumbukira anakhazikitsidwa mu 1953 ndipo anasankhidwa kosamalira chachikulu chimene ayenera kusunga chikumbukiro cha Ayuda.

ntchito bungwe la

The bungwe dzanja Vashem Israel ukugwira lamulo wapadera pa Memory wa Shoah. Ndicho chimene chimatchedwa Nazi. bungwe akupereka Mendulo mwadzina ndi mutu wa "Wolungama Amitundu" amene pa Anazi sakanakhoza kukhala opanda chidwi kwa anthu a chiyuda. The mphoto zapatsidwa kwa osakhala Ayuda amene pangozi miyoyo yawo kupulumutsa anthu ku chiwonongeko anakonza.

terminology

"Hasidim umot Pa-olam", ngati anamasuliridwa kwenikweni limatanthauza "Wolungama mwa Amitundu." Mawu amenewa unakhazikitsidwa Rabbinites. Iye akunena kwa osakhala Ayuda amene amasunga malamulo a Nowa ana. Anthu achiyuda ankakhulupirira kuti ndi iwo basi kuti anthu zaikidwa kukhala mu dziko m'tsogolo.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu akuti anaonekera pa Maimonides. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti ukhoza kuitana kupembedza. Ndiko kuti, Amitundu anatumikira malamulo asanu chifukwa iwo anazindikira tsogolo Mulungu, kotero iwo ayenera kuchita. Pambuyo Maimonides ndi mawu ntchito akuluakulu ambiri Arabi.

mafotokozedwe lina la "Chassidim umot Pa-olam" anapereka bukulo Zohari. Akuti wolungama - anthu osakhala Ayuda amene mwaulemu ankachitira Ayuda sanali kumva kunyansidwa kwa iwo, ndi zinthu mwachilungamo ndi iwo.

A kutanthauzira ano zikusonyeza kuti olungama a dziko - Wamitundu, kuthandiza Myuda mu ulamuliro wa Nazi ndi mazunzo ena.

ntchito

Kawirikawiri pamene izo zifika pa Nazi, ambiri amakumbukira awiri okha adzamenyane. Koma pali lachitatu. Malinga ndi Francois mfiti mbiri, gulu inkakhala amene anapulumutsa Ayuda ndipo anawathandiza.

Kukuza zinthu zimenezi kunali koyenera kuti ali ndi kulimba mtima komanso wodzipereka. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti anthu amene anabisa Ayuda anaopseza chiwawa. Ndipo osati kokha komanso mabanja awo. Makamaka kuzunzidwa wakhala wolungama Eastern Europe.

West si choncho lowonongeka, ngakhale pali amatchedwanso kuti akuvutika chifukwa cha udani Nazi. Oyera ena anaphedwa, ena anamwalira mu ndende. Aliyense amene anali kugwira pothandiza Ayuda anakhala ndi mantha. Ndipo anaopa, osati ya boma German, komanso anzathu, odana ndi Ayuda maganizo.

Umboni - imfa ya Chilituyaniya Mykolas Shimelisa. Anaphedwa ndi nationalists m'dera lanu kuthandiza Ayuda, umene anabisala wake. Mu Switzerland, munthu wotero wapolisi Paulo Grüninger. Iye maganizo ndi chogwira zimene anathandiza mozemba kuwoloka malire kwa Ayuda.

Ambiri, munthu anakhala kuteteza mtundu umenewu. Izi zikhoza kukhala mwina osaphunzira m'mudzimo ndi mabanja achifumu. Ayuda anathandiza usilikali, aphunzitsi, ansembe, alimi akuluakulu a boma ndi ena.

ufulu anthu

Yolungama ya dziko angakhale dziko lililonse. Mu Poland, chifukwa nthawi opulumutsidwa kuposa Ayuda 120,000. Iwo anathandiza anthu onse wamba ndi umunthu wakale wa boma. Mphamvu zimene anali gulu la "Zegota" imene ikuchita ndi thandizo la Ayuda m'dera limene mukukhala. malangizo Izi zachokera Zofia Kozak-Schutska, ndipo anamuthandiza Irena Sendler.

Iwo zionetsero za Nazi ndi Netherlands, Norway, Belgium. Pamene kuzunza Ayuda adadza kwa Denmark, anthu onse a m'dzikolo anali kuyesera kuti kuteteza mtundu. Against malamulo amenewa kulimbikitsa ndi banja lachifumu. Iwo unapangidwa bungwe ndi boti: 7000 Chidanishi Ayuda bwato anafika Sweden. Ichi ndi 7/8 ya wonse wa Ayuda anthu Denmark. Ndiyamika mgwirizanowu a anthu a m'boma la nkhondo kumeneko anafa Ayuda 60 okha.

Bulgaria nayenso anayamba thandizo akuvutika chifukwa cha Nazi. anthu anaimirira zoposa zikwi 50 Ayuda. Tsar Boris III monga iye akanakhoza osawerenga Germany. Iwo anakwanitsa kutenga anthuwo kuti zigawo kuti 50 000 anapulumuka. Koma, mwatsoka, oposa 11,000 anaphedwa. Ayuda awa anabwera Auschwitz.

Ngakhale Germany anali munthu wolimbikira wa Nazi, koma adakomana kusakhutira ndi mfundo za Anazi. Germany Tsankho mu 1943 anafika chionetsero yaikulu ndi odana Semitism. Iwo anali kuyesera kuti kuteteza okondedwa awo, amene kuwala kukutumizirani m'misasa. Ndiye Goebbels anaganiza: Ayuda Free German amene achibale anabwera ku msonkhano, ndipo anawatumiza ku ntchito limafuna. Motero, anthu oposa 2 zikwi anapulumutsidwa.

Kuti kupereka?

Wolungama mwa Amitundu ayenera kuunikira i zingapo:

• Kuthandiza munthu / Ayuda ambiri vuto yovuta.
• Olungama ayenera kumvetsa ndi kuganiza chipulumutso makamaka Ayuda.
• Zochita zake ziyenera mulibe kudziletsa kutumikira nkhani, sayenera ikuyendetsedwa ndi ndalama kapena njira zina malipiro.
• Wothandizira anapita pa nkhani imeneyi, ngakhale kuopseza miyoyo yawo ndi moyo wa okondedwa awo.
• zochita onse zikutsimikizidwa ndi mawu akuti mwa anthu olungama a zikalata ndi zipangizo, kusonyeza kuti mfundo ya chipulumutso.

akwaniritsa zimenezi kuthandiza Institute kuti lipereke mutu wa Wolungama mwa Amitundu. Lamulo lalikulu ndi umboni wa chipulumutso. Nthawi zambiri, ndi pa muyeso izi kulemekeza munthu. Nthawi ochepa pali mu mbiri pamene kunali koyenera zopelekedwa umboni.

Ziwerengero wotchuka

Ndi chiyambi cha 2016 zinadziŵika kuti pali okwana 26.119 ya wolungama dziko. Titero bungwe kuti sizingakhoze kuchitidwa pa kafukufuku izi, palibe linanena bungwe, chifukwa n'zotheka kuti mudziwe onse. Koma bungwe sitikayikira kuti ku Eastern Europe akampeze apulumutsi zambiri, ngati ankhanza osati chikominisi kuti oletsedwa m'mayiko ambiri.

Tsopano n'zovuta kuwerengetsa onse amene akhoza kuvala udindo wolemekezeka. Komabe, mayiko 51 a dziko tsopano moyo wolungama. mndandanda angakhale yaitali kwambiri chonena. Pali chiwerengero chachikulu cha Zitsulo - oposa 6 zikwi anthu. Awiri ndi theka zikwi a Ukraine, pafupifupi 4,000 French, 5,500 Netherlanders, 1700 Belgians.

Pali limati imene olungama .. Georgia, Egypt, Vietnam, Ireland, Cuba, Peru, Luxembourg, Japan, etc. Mu Russia, dzina limeneli aulemu amaitcha kuti anthu 197. zina za apulumutsi olemekezeka kwambiri.

Polish mobisa

Mu 1914, Yan Karsky anabadwa mu Lodz. Yolungama ya dziko m'tsogolo, anakhala ndi mbali wamng'ono limodzi ndi Ayuda. Madzulo a nkhondo anali mkulu woyang'anira dipatimenti consular. Chakumapeto August 1939, analandira chinsinsi yolimbikitsa dongosolo. Choyamba, Karski anali mkaidi ya Soviet Army, pambuyo kuwombola anali mu zone German ntchito yake. Kuchokera kumeneko, iye anakwanitsa kuthawa, chifukwa Iye anaphedwa mu 1940s oyambirira.

Mu Warsaw, iye anayamba kulimbikira ndipo anali mthenga wa Polish Mobisa State. Kangapo mobisa kufika France ndi Britain, kuti akapereke malangizo chinsinsi. Kamodzi Iye anagwidwa ndi anatumiza kwa Gestapo. Kweneko iye anazunzidwa, koma pambuyo koma- kudzipha anali anapulumutsa Polish mobisa bungwe, chimene kuyamba ntchito yapadera kupulumutsa Kara.

Pambuyo kuchira mobwerezabwereza, iye atagonjetsa mu Warsaw Ghetto, kumene wodziyesa Chiyukireniya msilikali anaonerera Ayuda ukapolo. Kodi adachiwona, nthaŵi zonse mumtima mwake. Zinali ntchito wotsiriza, amene anali Jan Karski. Wolungama Amitundu anacititsa kuti London.

Boma la Britain, iye akuti ntchito ya Polish Mobisa State ndipo analankhula za kuvutika kwa anthu a chiyuda. Kenako ine ndiri ku United States ndipo anati Nazi Roosevelt. zochita pa adani anali satsata. Koma Kara kuyesa kupulumutsa Ayuda, komanso thandizo ake mu Poland anabweretsa choyenera mphoto mu 1982.

Ankhondo German

Ndi 2016, a Israel Institute of Nazi ndi ungwazi anayesedwa mu Germany, pafupifupi 600 a olungama a dziko. Izi akhoza zimachitika ndi Oskar Schindler, amene anapulumutsa oposa 1,000 Ayuda kuwatengera ku ntchito yake. Nthawi yomweyo - mamembala a gulu "Belaya Roza" Hans ndi Sofi Sholl. Pa yemweyo amaphatikizapo Dietrich Bonhoeffer. "Olungama Amitundu vs. ulamuliro wa Hitler" - otchedwa m'busa wolemba Eric Metaxas. Mbiri ya munthu uyu momvetsa chisoni. Mu 1945, anaphedwa chifukwa chakubwera mu ciwembu Hitler.

Ngakhale kuti ntchito ya zikutanthauza kuti n'zotheka kupha wolamulira, Boheffer akadali anakhutira kuti Khristu akukhululukire tchimo, ngati amachitira kulimbikira za ndale ndi mkulu chilimbikitso. Ndikugwira ntchito Abwehr, anathandiza Ayuda asanu kuthawira Switzerland. Maganizo ndi zochita zawo anali atamwalira amaitcha "chilungamo mwa Amitundu."

Kupatula chakuti pambuyo Bonhoeffer umatchedwa kwambiri a mipingo, anapanga ndi kulipilira sitampu, bukuli linatuluka mu 2012. Eric Metaxas anatha kuwauza nkhani ya m'busa wotchuka. Buku "Wolungama Amitundu vs. ulamuliro wa Hitler" ndi za moyo wa wazamulungu wina, maganizo ndi zikhulupiriro zake. Izi nkhani yokhudza munthu amene anali wokhoza molimba mtima kulimbana mwankhanza ndi.

ngwazi zina

Mwa opambana pali midzi yonse. Mwachitsanzo, 117 okhala Nieuwlande ndinalandira wotchuka mphoto. Pa m'mudzi World nkhondo II anaganiza kubisa Ayuda m'nyumba iliyonse. Shoneville banja anali woyamba, amene anapulumutsidwa mu msasawu mu 1940. Kenako ndiye anabisa mazana a Ayuda, amene bwinobwino kuti apulumuke Nazi.

Le Chambon-sur-Lignon - kuthetsa French, amenenso zachititsa kuti chipulumutso cha kwa Ayuda. Panali 5 opulumutsidwa miyoyo ya anthu ambiri omwe akuvutika. Iwo anabisala dera la boma lonse. Chifukwa cha zochita za mbusa wakumeneko ndi mkazi wake, 40 m'mudzimo anapatsidwa udindo wa "Wolungama mwa Nations."