Phula - ndi chiyani ichi? Katundu ndi ntchito phula

Phula - izi ndi limodzi mwa mabuku akale zomangira kwa munthu. Masiku ano, ntchito kumaphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana ndithu options. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhaniyi.

mitundu

Bituminous zinthu - ndi zipangizo organic, monga mitundu yambiri.

• Natural phula. Ndi zinthu viscous kapena zinthu olimba omwe limapangidwa mankhwala zimam'patsa ndi ena ofanana awo. Njira ya mapangidwe awo chilengedwe njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mafuta polymerization. Iwo anayala mu malo a mafuta. Koyera zachilengedwe phula - ndi chinthu chosowa.
• Phula mitundu. mtundu uwu umapezeka kawirikawiri kuposa m'mbuyomu. Ndi m'matanthwe porous. Iwo wosweka ndi awonongedwa. Monga likukhalira phula msewu.
• Mafuta. Ndi mtundu wa zinthu yokumba. Chifukwa amapangidwa m'kati kuyenga. Malinga ndi ndondomeko mkombero mtundu phula ngati anapatukana mu yotsalira, makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi akulimbana.

kapangidwe

Phula ali zikuchokera izi mu Baibulo tingachipeze powerenga:

• 80% mpweya;
• 15% wa hydrogen;
• 2 9% sulfure;
• osapitirira 5% mpweya;
• kuchokera 0 2% asafe.

zinthu izi ziri mwa mawonekedwe a hydrocarbon mankhwala, sulfure, mpweya ndi asafe.

zinthu zonse zikhoza wachinsinsi m'magulu atatu.

1. Olimba chigawo chimodzi - mkulu kulemera chimasanduka maselo otchedwa asphaltenes. Pali zigawo olimba ndi paraffins.

2. resins - zipangizo amorphous, omwe woderapo mtundu.

3. The mafuta nusu - ndi chimasanduka osiyanasiyana omwe kachulukidwe zosakwana 1.

Phula - ndi zovuta mankhwala ndi chiŵerengero zina zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse. Kuwonjezera kulemera kwake asphaltenes zidzachuluka kuuma, brittleness ndi olimbikitsa kutentha.

The waxes komanso kuchepetsa ductility phula, kotero chidwi linaperekedwa kwa kupanga kuchepa mu amanena kuti 5% kapena zochepa.

dera ntchito

Malinga katundu thupi kusiyanitsa minda zotsatirazi ntchito phula:

• kumanga msewu;
• denga;
• kumatira;
• elektorokabelya kupanga;
• Shino-mphira luso;
• mabatire;
• penti ndi vanishi;
• zitsulo;
• uglebriketov kupanga;
• Kuyenga.

Kumangidwa ntchito pa phula yake ndi nkhani wotchuka kwambiri kwa kumatira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, makamaka kosungira ndi zipinda zapansi.

msewu mafuta

Kupanga misewu ntchito ndi mafuta phula msewu (GOST 22245-90). Pali zopangidwa angapo zinthu.

Kusankha mtundu woyenera, tiyenera amaonetsera mtundu wa zone nyengo.

Kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe yodziwika ndi kutentha mu nyengo yozizira sapambana -20? C pafupifupi ali oyenera malinga ndi bitumens msewu GOST monga BND 200/300, 130/200 BND ndi BND 90/130.

Pakuti m'madera kutentha ambiri nthawi yozizira ya chaka osiyanasiyana kuchokera -10 kuti -20? C, amapereka mafuta phula msewu II ndi III wa mabacteria nyengo ya msewu. Zikuphatikizapo mitundu pamwamba, komanso 60/90.

Ngati mwezi pafupifupi kutentha pa nthawi ozizira pa chaka ali mu osiyanasiyana -5 kuti -10? C, ndi Standard amapereka ntchito phula mafuta msewu monga onse a mitundu pamwamba, komanso BND 40/60, 90/130 BN, BN 130/200 BN 200/300.

Pakuti m'madera ndi zaka yozizira yodziwika kutentha osati poyerekeza 5? C, oyenera phula mafuta msewu mitundu monga BND 40/60, 60/90, 90/130 BND, BN 60/90, 90/130 BN.

mafuta

Pali mitundu kuti ntchito yomanga misewu komanso katundu zogona. Izi mtundu konsekonse. Pali zopangidwa zitatu zokha, monga ngati phula mafuta monga BN 70/30, 90/130 BN, BN 50/50.

Komanso mafuta phula msewu, GOST amene nthawi zikhalidwe za ntchito iliyonse mitundu, kuti amangire phula amachita GOST 6671-76.

M'munsi kutentha zachilengedwe, nkhani zambiri zotanuka ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito yomanga. Izi adzaonetsetsa moyo wautali ake ndi nthawi ya ntchito.

zipangizo mafuta denga

Chifukwa zosiyanasiyana ntchito pa denga unsembe ntchito phula wapadera. Katundu ndi ntchito izo ndi Lamulo GOST 9548-74. Muyezo zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu ya zipangizo denga:

• BOC 90/30 - ali ndi kuchuluka monga mapangidwe ❖ kuyanika wosanjikiza denga.
• BNK 40/180 - ntchito kuti agwire impregnation.
• BNK 45/190 - amusankha kulandira ndi processing nkhani denga chifukwa madenga.

Zinthu kulimbikitsa mtundu wa zinthu msewu

Phula msewu, GOST amene amathandiza mitundu ingapo ya mankhwala oterowo amakhala ndi katundu osiyanasiyana. Aliyense amapereka khalidwe zina zakuthupi.

Ofunika kwambiri a iwo, liwulo kuchuluka kwa phula la amaonedwa ductility, olimbikitsa mfundo, brittleness, ziphaliwali, kukhuthala, katundu zomatira.

Mkulu kutentha kulimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa mlingo wa phula kukhuthala. Mu nyengo yozizira amalakatika zinthu khalidwe ndi nthawi kufika malire matenthedwe amakhala Chimaona.

Izi zimathandiza kuwonjezera plasticity wa Kuwonjezera nkhani mafuta. The zambiri chisanu phula mafuta, ndi apamwamba khalidwe la kalasi ake.

zikuthwanima kutentha ndi chinthu chinanso chofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhani ngati phula msewu. Standard imapereka mtengo muyezo wa chizindikiro ichi kuti +200? C ndi pamwamba. The kwambiri kung'anima kutentha, m'munsi flammability wothandizira.

mlingo guluu wolimba kudzakuthandizani kudziwa mmene bwino anamvetsa phula m'munsi pamwamba. The apamwamba zigoli, mphamvu chuma anali padziko.

Sayansi ya ntchito zipangizo

Pomanga misewu ndi maofesi ena, zochangamutsa luso phula. Zimenezi ikuchitika malinga ndi malamulo. The njira ya ntchito zinthu lagona mu makhalidwe ndi zinthu monga phula. GOST limasonyeza katundu kofunika kwambiri.

Kutenthetsa nkhani ntchito yomanga ndi kukonza, mphika wapadera ndi makoma pakatikati pa zitsulo ndi hermetically kutseka chivindikiro. The makulidwe a chuma kumulola kupewa overcooking.

2/3 n'kugula. Phula pamaso otsitsira unagawanika powomba kukula ang'onoang'ono.

Kutentha ikuchitika pa moto wochepa, ndipo anasungunuka chuma mpaka misa homogeneous. Pamene nkhani yachilendo atachotsedwa sieve zawo zapadela. Reserve reheating kutentha 200? C.

Kutentha pa kutentha +160 kuti +170? C anasungunuka phula za 3 h. Ngati inu kuwonjezera kwa mtengo malire, ndi Kutentha ndondomeko adzakhala ola 1 yekha.

Phula misewu sangakhoze kuima kuwonjezera Kutentha pa +200? C, chifukwa katundu wawo ku uyu adzakhala poipa. Pamene 220? C wayamba kupanga coke.

Pamene ukagwira phula opangidwa zosasangalatsa lachikasu wobiriwira utsi, ndi akafike malirewo +240? C zinthu Mwina kuswa. Ndiye chikuto cha kukatentha pafupi kuzimitsa moto.

Pambuyo kutenthedwa ndi ziphaliwali phula msewu kumakhaladi Chimaona osatinso zoyenera ntchito yomanga kapena kukonza.

Yosungirako ndi mayendedwe

Phula yosungirako chimachitika akasinja wapadera. Iwo amakhala okonzeka ndi njira yogwira usavutike mankhwala. Njira imeneyi ayenera kukhala wapadera chakudya nthunzi njira popewa zikuthwanima zinthu nthunzi.

Kulowa akasinja ndi anapereka pansi pa otsetsereka a.

Njira yonyamula madzi phula msewu, zida ndi mapampu wapadera umene amawapopa zakuthupi.

Ngati nkhaniyo chimadzera mu mawonekedwe olimba, ntchito yapadera collapsible mawonekedwe.

Pa mayendedwe ndi kusunga anapereka kwa amafuna ngozi moto, monga chikukhudza phula flammable. Kukwaniritsa malamulo onse chitetezo palibe kuopa yatsoka ndi zinthu sizimadziwika mu ntchito ndi nkhaniyi. Ataphunzira katundu ndi mitundu ya zinthu angathe ntchito kwa ntchito yomanga maofesi osiyanasiyana.

Phula - mankhwala ndi makhalidwe abwino monga ngati madzi kukana, mphamvu nonsusceptibility nyengo zimakhudza, otsika phokoso ndi matenthedwe chilungamo ndi otsika conduction panopa. Zikomo katundu izi, ndi otchuka kwambiri ndi odalirika zomangila.