Prince wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka: yonena. Zoweta ndi achilendo Politika Dmitriya Shemyaki

Mu mbiri Russian, mbadwa ya Moscow chachikulu atsogoleri anali mbiri ya munthu wa mphamvu mosadziletsa: iye anali cynic amene sasiya pa chilichonse Pofuna kukwaniritsa cholinga. Ndi ndani iye? Mdzukulu wa wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy - Prince wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka. Iye sanakumbukire anamanganso la manja, ndi milandu bwino kasamalidwe wa ukulu palokha, ndipo anatsogolera nkhondo wosatha mpando wachifumuwo. Wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka ankafuna kulamulira dziko lonse Russian boma, osati mbali payekha. Pankhaniyi, monga kale anatsindika pa TV, imene anagwiritsa ntchito kutenga mpando wachifumu, kalonga sanali makamaka chabe. The chododometsa kwagona kuti iye anatha kukwaniritsa cholinga chake ndipo udakhala mutu wa Moscow ukulu. Nanga Dmitri Shemyaka akanakhoza kutenga mpando likulu Russian? Taganizirani funso ili mwatsatanetsatane.

Mfundo kuchokera yonena za

Wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka (zaka za moyo: 1420-1453) anali mwana wa Grand Prince wa Moscow Yuri Dmitrievich.

Kale ali mwana, Prince ankadziwa kuti kuvala "kapu Monomakh", ngakhale kuti bambo wake ndi thanzi labwino. Young Dmitriy Yurevich Shemyaka, imene ili ndi mbiri mwachidule pafupifupi buku lililonse pa mbiriyakale, anayamba nawo feuds dynastic ndi Basil II (Mdima), mothandizidwa ndi mchimwene wake Vasiliya Kosogo. The kalonga wapereka thandizo zonse bambo ake Yuriyu Dmitrievichu, pamene izo zifika ku zonena ufumu. Tikumbukenso kuti kulimbana ndi ufulu kusamalira boma pakati khama pamwambapa 'zovuta': iwo wotanganidwa wachifumu alternately.

imfa ya atate ake

Pamene Grand Prince Yuri Dmitrievich afa (zinachitika 1434), wakukhala pa mpando wachifumu ndi mwana wake wamkulu - Vasily Diagon. Wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka anatenga uthenga uwu ndi anawawidwa undisguised; iye sanali wokhutitsidwa ndi boma la zochitika. Pamodzi ndi mng'ono wake wotchedwa Dmitry Krasnov amathandiza kuwononga Basil II ndi mchimwene wake kuti atenge mpandowachifumu. Amayamikira utumiki uwu wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka (ulamuliro: ukulu wa Galich - (1433-1450), ndi ukulu wa Uglich - (1441-1447), Moscow - (1445-1447) wolandira cholowa anakhala wolamulira wa Uglich ndi Rzhev ..

Mpikisano wa mphamvu

Komabe, patapita nthawi Shemyaka kwasanduka kalonga wofuna: aganiza kuti agwirizane nkhondo mpando wachifumuwo, kusonkhana momuzungulira Iye otsutsa ambiri a boyars lapansi.

Komabe, kuzindikira maloto awo ngati iye analephera, ndipo iye analamulidwa kuti mulimbane nthawi iliyonse ndi Vasily II. Ndipo komabe, kwa mbiri yakale ambiri Tinadabwa wathunthu chakuti wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka nthawi zina anali kalonga wa Moscow. Pano pali m'mene zinachitikira.

Mu 1445 izo anatchedwa nkhondo zomenyera motsutsa Golden gulu, umene asirikali linaphwanya malire a Russia. Atafa Nkhondo ya Suzdal, Basil II analandidwa ndi pansi pa malamulo a motsatizana m'malo mwake, ngakhale osakhalitsa, anakhala wotchedwa Dmitry, chifukwa iye anali wamkulu pa ana a Ivan Kalita.

akuthamanga dziko

Akunena kuti Grand Duke wa Uglich, Galich ndi Moscow anali "wosadziŵa" bwana. Wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka, malamulo ena ndi zoweta zimene anali basi kuonetsetsa kuti kulimbikitsa udindo wawo mphamvu sanadutsitse zopatsidwa kwa iye boma kuti chitukuko ndi kutukuka.

Yosankha wake lalifupi akuthwa zina zowawa magulu onse: olemekezeka, amalonda, akalonga nkhondo. Kuchuluka mkwiyo anthu otchedwa otchedwa makhoti Shemyaka. Prince upstart anali wamwano kwambiri ndi amwano munthu, kotero ziganizo imene idakubalani chilungamo zidalengedwa mwa iye, anali wamng'ono kwambiri ofanana ndi chilungamo.

About mwankhanza, amene anagwira ntchito ndiye oimira Themis, akusonyeza amafotokozedwa satirical "The nthano za Shemyakinsky khoti." Zinali nthawi imeneyi, kuposa asangalala zochitika monga ziphuphu, kulanda molakwika mphamvu zawo ndi oweruza. Ananyalanyaza malamulo a malamulo akale, zigamulo zambiri chikangoperekedwa ndi kulingalira bwino. Wolemba mbiri Karamzin anakhulupirira ponena zinthu mdzukulu wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy.

mwankhanza chonchi analenga prerequisites zonse likulu panali outflow chachikulu cha anthu. chiwerengero cha osakhutira mfundo wotchedwa Dmitry Yuryevich anachokera tsiku ndi tsiku.

The mfundo yachilendo ya Russia mu ulamuliro wa Shemyaka komanso akwaniritsa zofunikira za nthawi. Great Prince wa Uglich, Galich ndi Moscow kulanda ufumu, kodi si kulipira dipo la ukapolo Basil II, ndipo kugwirabe kulamulira, anayesetsa kusangalatsa Khan wa Golden gulu. Iye anasankha thandizo la Grand wake brother-- Duke la Lithuania Svidrigailov Olgerdovich, kunyalanyaza zofuna ndale za Republic Novgorod.

standoff akupitiriza

Patapita nthawi, Basil II amalowerera asiye Chitata ukapolo polipira dipo yaikulu. Atamva izi, Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich sizizakutengerani maudindo ndipo mwamsangamsanga kuti asalalikire njira mdani mu "mwala woyera". Kungowerenga Basil pa Woyera Utatu ansembe yotchedwa, The Great Prince wa Uglich, Galich ndi Moscow mosatsata iye amatha kuona ndi kuthamangitsidwa kuti Uglich.

Koma posakhalitsa Shemyaka anamasulidwa msuwani wake nampatsa cholowa Vologda. Mu mzinda uwu anayamba kufika mbali ndi otsatira a Basil II, amene patapita kanthawi wasonkhanitsa khamu yaikulu anayenda likulu kupambana yekha pa mpando wachifumu. Ndipo iye akupambana. Wotchedwa Dmitry Yu anaperekedwa kwa Grand Duke wa Uglich ndi Rzhev Bezhetskaya parishi. Komanso, ndipo anamulonjeza kuti ndibweze ndalamazo kwa chuma cha boma osatinso kugona amati wachifumu. Komabe, iye akungokhalira anathyola malonjezo m'tsogolo.

Tron anataya

Kuyambira 1447 Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich amatenga ulamuliro wa Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod dziko, ndi nthawi kuchokera 1451 mpaka 1453 zaka kulamulira pa Republic Novgorod. Koma apa iye unayimira. Iye anayambanso kuti asamalire mapulani wofuna kukuza malire a ulamuliro wake. Wotchedwa Dmitry Yu ndi asilikali ake anayenda pansi Dvina natenga Ustyug popanda kukana kwambiri. Komabe, si anthu onse okhala m'tauni ino anasangalala ndi Grand Duke, akudziwa bwino kuti mphamvu zake mu mphamvu ya tsiku lililonse afa. Shemyaka koma ankangofuna kuletsa anthu, ngakhale ukulu limodzi, kotero mwankhanza losweka pansi pa ustyuzhanami amene anasonyeza kunyozera kwa iye.

Ndipo iye anagwiritsa ntchito miyeso chachikulu kwambiri mwamantha: ena anaphedwa atawatulutsa pa khosi la mwala ndi kuuponya mumtsinje. Anthu akumeneko sanafune kuti padziko lapansi awo akuchita mwankhanza chonchi, ndikupempha thandizo kuchokera vymechey ndi vychegzhan gawo limene ankakhala, administratively a Ustyug. mwanjira ina, koma wotchedwa Dmitry Yuryevich akhoza pamapeto pake kupambana Russian mzinda wakale. Atapambana nkhondoyo, analamula vyatchan zikatichitikira parishi yaikulu, yomwe ili m'malire Vychegda-Vym lapansi.

anathematization

Zobwera ndi nkhanza zimene zinali pa behest wa Great Prince wa Uglich, Galich ndi Moscow, sanathe kusokoneza atsogoleri. Malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, mu 1450, Prince wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka anali unachotsa, "watsoka dipuloma," lomwe linalembedwa mu chitsimikiziro. chikalata ichi yosainidwa ndi Bishop Pitirim Permian. Komabe, mpaka tsopano, olemba mbiri ali kutsutsana ngati mdzukulu wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy anali kwenikweni anathema, kuyambira magwero pa nkhaniyi zimatsutsana. Makamaka, Metropolitan Yona m'kalata yake yopita Bishopu wamkulu Efrim analemba kalonga "yekha anachotsedwa."

Chifukwa Shemyaka?

Choncho, tidadzatulukira momwe anayamba kulamulira, wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka. N'chifukwa chiyani moniker anali Ufumuyo ku Grand Duke wa Uglich, Galich ndi Moscow? Funso ili chimodzimodzi chidwi kwa owerenga.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, pali Mabaibulo angapo. Mmodzi wa iwo zochokera chakuti mawu "Shemyaka" mofananira kwa Chitata Mongol "Chimek", kutanthauza kavalidwe kapena yokongola. Kumasulira kwina kwa mawu limanena kuti "Shemyaka" - ndi chidule cha "Sheemyaki" (otchedwa amene ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu). Koma mdzukulu wa wotchedwa Dmitry "wotchuka" Don chifukwa makhalidwe ena: mochenjera, nkhanza, chinyengo ndi chikondi cha pa mphamvu. Chifukwa cha zinthu zawo pa zonse anali wokonzeka wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka. dzina lakuti The analandira mwa anthu, anali kufalitsa mu dziko kumene ulamuliro waukulu anali kalonga Chigalashiya. N'zotheka kalonga dzina lake Aleksandr Andreevich Shahovsky anayamba kuvala pambuyo kuyandikana ndi Shemyaka. Akunena kuti mu 1538 anakhala Ivan Shemyaka ngongole-Saburov, mitengo banja lake mizu inayamba mu Kostroma. Mu 1562, limanena Shemyaka Istomin-Ogorelkove: makolo ake anali Vologda. Mu 1550 ntchito ya Russia Vasily Shemyaka, lomwe linali ndi ntchito mchere omwe. M'zaka za m'ma XVI, malinga ndi magwero mu dera la Republic Novgorod chili kwa anthu ndi dzina Shemyaka.

Mkazi ndi ana

Great Prince wa Uglich, Galich ndi Moscow anakwatira Sophia Dmitrievna, amene anali mwana wa Prince wotchedwa Dmitry Vasilyevich Zaozersky. Wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka mpongozi anali mbadwa ya St. Prince Fedor Black. mbiri yakale amasonyeza kuti mdzukulu Dmitriya Donskogo ukwati ndi Sofey Dmitrievnoy sanawerengere kale kuposa 1436. Mu banja, iwo anali ndi mwana wamwamuna, Ivan Dmitrievich. Izo zinachitika mu Uglich palibe kale kuposa 1437. Zaka 12 zitapita ana amakhala ndi mayi ake mu St. George obisika.

Komanso Sophia D. anabereka mwana wamkazi Maria. Kenaka anakwatirana Alexander ndi Czartoryski anakhala mu Velikiy Novgorod. anamwalira atangofika anadabwa: iye anaikidwa yozizira 1456 mu St. George obisika.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Mapeto a moyo nthawi mdzukulu wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy sichinayambe kuphunzira bwinobwino, ngati mbiri yakale mulibe nkhani zochuluka za izi. madongosolo Ake wofuna sanali tidzayesedwa anazindikira kwambiri monga: kukhala pa mpando wachifumu, iye sakanakhoza mu Moscow, ndi kuyesa kukhala kazembe wa mphamvu ndipo ankachita okha ukulu amene likulu akhale Ustyug, analephera. Great Prince wa Uglich, Galich ndi Moscow ndi mantha kwambiri kubwezera kwa zochita zawo pa mbali ya Basil II, mwamanyazi amene anali ogula ndi Novgorod wotchedwa Dmitry Yuryevich. Kwa kanthawi, iwo "anasintha maso akhungu" ndi zambiri nkhanza mdzukulu wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy ankaona kuti atenge nawo mbali pa nkhondo pakati Moscow ndi Ustyug. Chomwecho Shemyaka sanaleke ndekha kuganizira za mmene angakhalire kamodzinso akulamulira yekha wa Russia, koma anthu ali kale ndatopa nkhondo internecine ndi ndewu: wonse ndinkafuna bata ndi mtendere. Metropolitan Yona anali mu makalata ndi Bishop Euphemia, amene mobwerezabwereza anafunsa kuti wotchedwa Dmitry Yuryevich anasiya zonse zoyesa kupeza mpando manja ake kamodzi kwa nthawi zonse kuyanjanitsidwa ndi Basil II. Koma, mwatsoka, zotsatira zabwino iye anali: Shemyaka sanafune asintha iliyonse. Koma posachedwapa iye anali kulangidwa chifukwa cha milandu awo.

imfa

Uthenga kuti anafa mdzukulu wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy "anabwera" ku likulu la Republic Novgorod mu "mwala woyera" m'chilimwe cha 1453. Mu mbiri olembedwa kuti anati uthenga kalaliki dzina lake Basil, amene tinapirira dzina la "mavuto." Kumbukirani kuti izi zitachitika iye anakwezedwa clerks lapansi. Chifukwa ena anamwalira wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka? zingapo zikalata limasonyeza kuti Grand Duke pomudyetsanso poizoni. Kodi ntchito mfundo imeneyi? Amati kuti kum'soŵetsa mtendere chakupha ku likulu anabweretsa, monga iwo amati, "trasti Basil II" - kalaliki Stepan bearded. Iye anali munthu wochenjera ndipo anakwaniritsa cholinga chake bwino. Ena amati kuti bearded anaperekedwa poizoni Boyar Ivan Kotov, ena: Boretsky meya. Kenako unadonthezedwa ophika wotchedwa Dmitry, amene poizoni anasamutsidwa. Unakhalabe mlandu waung'ono: kukapereka Shemyaka kum'soŵetsa mtendere, chomwe chidachitika. Pischevar akadandaule mbuye wake nkhuku. masiku khumi ndi awiri a Grand Duke anagonjetsa "hvoroba" Atatero Potsiriza anafa. Kuphunzira zotsalira Dmitriya Shemyaki chikutsimikizira kuti anafa poyizoni.

A mbali zina za mbiri yakale kukhulupirira kuti imfa ya mdzukulu wake wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy - izi ndi ntchito ya Novgorod boyars, amene kuti zivute zitani ankafuna kuthetsa nkhondo yawo ndi Basil II. Pakuti Novgorod otchuka Grand Prince wa Uglich, Galich ndi Moscow, umene unayamba kutaya ulamuliro ndi maudindo, posakhalitsa anakhala oipa.

mwanjira ina, koma imfa yadzidzidzi ya mdzukulu wake wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy zikutipatsa mafunso ambiri mmadera. chakuti iye anali poizoni motere wamantha, chifukwa chipolowe. Kalonga wa ufumuyo wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka anatembenuka nthawi yomweyo mu ofera, zimene adani a anagonjetsa nkhondowo mwachinyengo.

Kenako undisguised anawawidwa chiwawa wosalungama motsutsa Grand Duke adzalemba wachibale wake - Andrey Mihaylovich Kurbsky.