Vasily Mdima 2: Mu ulamuliro, Wambiri

Moscow Prince Vasily Mdima 2 malamulo pa nthawi imene ukulu wake ndinayamba pachimake pa wogwirizana boma Russian. Pakuti nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Rurik komanso kudawerengedwa kwa nkhondo yaikulu yapachiweniweni pakati pa iye ndi abale ake - khama mphamvu mu boma la Russia. Mikanganoyi ang'onoang'ono anali womaliza mu mbiri ya Russia.

banja

Tsogolo Prince Vasili 2 Mdima anali mwana wachisanu wa Basil Ine ndi Sophia Vitovtovna. Maternally mwana anali woimira Chilituyaniya kulamulira mafumu. Madzulo cha imfa yake, Basil ndinatumiza bambo-mu Vytautas kalata yake imene iye anafunsa kuteteza mphwake khanda.

Woyamba ana anayi a Grand Duke anafa ali mwana kapena wachinyamata kuchokera kawirikawiri pamene matenda, amene amadziwika mbiri monga "mliri." Choncho, wolandira Basil Ndidakhala 2 Basil Mdima. Mfundo za boma amazionera, pamaso pa ana limodzi anali chabe kuphatikiza, chifukwa timatha wolamulira kugawanitsa mphamvu pakati pa ana ake ambiri. Chifukwa cha mwambo umenewu yeniyeni wamwalira Kievan Lazaro ndi zaka zambiri anavutika Vladimir-Suzdal dziko.

The nkhani zandale

Moscow ukulu anali doubly zofunika mbeta chifukwa choti yachilendo. Ngakhale kuti agogo Basil II wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy anagonjetsa Chitata Mongol asilikali pa Kulikovo Field mu 1380, Russia anakhalabe amadalira Golden gulu. Moscow komanso akhala lalikulu Asilavo Orthodox pakati ndale. Olamulira ndi amene amatha kuima kwa khans, mwinanso nkhondo, mothandizidwa ndi kukondera zokambirana.

Kuchokera kumadzulo, East Asilavo maukulu anaopseza Lithuania. Mpaka 1430 izo Vytautas malamulo - agogo Basil II. Kwa zaka zambiri, kugawikana kwa Russia olamulira Chilituyaniya anatha angagwirizanitse chuma chake kumadzulo Russian ukulu (Polotsk, Galich, Volyn, Kyiv). Pamene Basil Ndataya ufulu wanga Smolensk. Lithuania yokha ochuluka lolunjika pa Catholic Poland zomwe zinachititsa kuti nkhondo mosalephera ndi ambiri Orthodox ndi Moscow. Basil II kunali koyenera pofuna kukwaniritsa anansi zoopsa ndi kusunga mtendere mu chikhalidwe chawo. Nthawi wasonyeza kuti chinawathandiza si nthawi zonse.

Kutsutsana ndi amalume ake

Mu 1425, Prince Vasili Dmitrievich anafa, anakusiyirani mpandowachifumu kuti mwana usinkhu wa zaka khumi. akalonga Russian anavomereza wolamulira wamkulu mu Russia. Komabe, ngakhale kuti thandizo anafotokoza za malo a Basil wamng'ono anali Kusakhazikika kwambiri. Chifukwa chokha chimene palibe amene amadzinenera kukhudza, agogo ake - wamphamvu mwayekha Chilituyaniya Vytautas. Koma iye anali wokalamba kwambiri ndipo anamwalira mu 1430.

Pambuyo unyolo wonse wa zinthu zimene zinachititsa nkhondo yaikulu boma. Zikuoneka kuti chifukwa chachikulu nkhondo panali Basil II Amalume Yuri Dmitrievich - mwana wa lodziwika bwino wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy. Asanafe, wopambana wa Mamaia miyambo anapatsa mwana wake wamng'ono sadzalowa. Pozindikira kuopsa mwambo uwu, wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy zinali zochepa chifukwa chakuti Yuri anawapatsa mzinda waung'ono: Zvenigorod, Galich ndi Vyatka Ruza.

Ana a kalonga wakufayo anakhala mwamtendere ndi kuthandizana. Komabe, Yuri ankadziwika kuti kutchuka ndi chikondi cha mphamvu zake. Mu chifuniro cha atate wake, iye ankayenera kuti adzalandira zonse Muscovy likhoza kupha mchimwene wake wamkulu Basil I. Koma amene anali ndi ana aamuna asanu, wamng'ono wa iwo ndi kukhala wolamulira wa boma la Russia mu 1425.

nthawi yonseyi, Yuri Dmitrievich anakhalabe minimis Zvenigorod kalonga. Moscow olamulira anatha kusunga chikhalidwe chawo ndi kuonjezera izo chifukwa chakuti dongosolo la motsatizana anali mtchatho, chimene wachifumu wadutsa kuchokera ku atate mwana wamkulu, anyalanyaza azichimwene. M'zaka za m'ma XV, njirayi ndi watsopano. Lisanaperekedwe, mu Russia, monga mwa mphamvu ya tinatengera agnatic mkulu, kapena lamanja la mkulu (ie amalume anatenga kuposa nephews a).

Kumene, Yuri anali wothandiza za ulamuliro akale, chifukwa analola kuti iye akhale wolamulira yovomerezeka mu Moscow. Komanso, ufulu wake anali anathandiza mzera mu chifuniro cha atate wake. Ngati inu kuchotsa umunthu makamaka ndipo, mu Moscow ukulu pansi Basil II anakumana machitidwe awiri a cholowa, umodzi umene unali chifukwa kusesa ndi zina. Yuri anali akungoyembekezera mpata amanena zonena zawo. Ndi imfa ya Vytautas, mwayi umenewu unaperekedwa kwa iye.

The khoti mu gulu

Pa Mongol khans ulamuliro chikalata zolemba kulamulira, amene anapereka ufulu Rurikovich zatenga izi kapena kuti mpando wachifumu. Monga ulamuliro, mwambo uwu sikusokoneza kusintha kwabwino, ngati wodandaulayu si kufika wongosamukasamuka. zosankha Indomitable Khan anali kulangidwa chifukwa chakuti pa cholowa chawo kuukira khamu kukhetsa mwazi.

Wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy ana akadali kulandira zolemba kulamulira, ndipo analipira msonkho, ngakhale kuti Mongolia anayamba kuvutika kwa ndewu wake. Mu 1431, atakula 2 Basil Mdima anapita Golden gulu, kuti mupeze chilolezo awo kukwera. Imodzi ndi mu steppe nkhosa Yuri Dmitrievich. Iye ankafuna kutsimikizira kwa Khan kuti ali bwino kwambiri mpando wachifumu kuposa mphwake.

Ambuye wa Golden gulu Ulugh Muhammad anagwirizana zochotsa Vasily. Yuri anataya wake woyamba, koma sinditi concede. Mu mawu anazindikira mphwakeyu "m'chimwene wamkulu" ndi kubwerera kumalo kwawo, kudikira mwayi watsopano kukapha. Mbiri yathu ali zitsanzo zambiri za perjury, ndi lingaliro limeneli, Yuri Dmitrievich si wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera ambiri a m'nthawi yake ndi akalambula. Pa nthawi yomweyo adaunyema lonjezo lake ndi Basil. Pa bwalo Khan iye analonjeza amalume ake kupereka malipiro m'tauni ya Dmitrov, koma simunatero.

Chiyambi cha ndewu

Mu 1433, khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zaka Prince wa Moscow ankaimba ukwati. Basil II ndi mkazi wake Maria - mwana wamkazi wa mkulu wa yeniyeni Yaroslava Borovskogo (kuchokera Moscow mafumu). Zikondwerero achibale ambiri anaitanidwa kuti kalonga, kuphatikizapo ana Yuri Dmitrievich (iye sankafuna, koma anakhalabe wotchedwa Galicia wake). Dmitriy Shemyaka ndi Vasily Diagon komabe kumathandiza kwambiri pa nthawi ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Pamene iwo anali alendo wa Grand Duke. Pakati pa kumuyalutsa ukwati. Mayi Basil II Sofia Vitovtovna anaona kuti Basil Koos lamba amati zinali za wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy, ndi chandalama ndi wantchito. Iye anang'amba kuchokera chidutswa cha zovala mwanayo, chimene chinapangitsa kuti mkangano lalikulu pakati pa abale. Anavulala ana Yuri Dmitrievich yomweyo anachoka ndipo anapita kwa bambo ake panjira anawononga tsogolo mu Yaroslavl. Zomwe zinachitika ndi lamba kubedwa linakhala cholowa cha folklore ndi nkhani wotchuka mu nkhani ya.

M'banja makani anakhala motero chifukwa Zvenigorod Prince anali kuyang'ana kuyamba nkhondo yaikulu yolimbana ndi mphwake. Kuphunzira zimene zinachitika pa phwando, anasonkhanitsa asilikali okhulupirika ndi kupita ku Moscow. akalonga Russian kamodzinso okonzeka kutsanulira mwazi wa nzika zawo chifukwa cha zofuna zawo.

Ankhondo a Grand Duke wa Moscow, Yuri idagwatiwa pa gombe la Klyazma. Posachedwa amalume anga ndi anatenga likulu. Basil analandira kupatsidwa chipukuta misozi Kolomna, kumene zoona, anakafika ku ukapolo. Pomaliza, Yuri anakwaniritsa loto lake za ufumu wa atate wake. Komabe, kufika kufunika, analakwitsa angapo amapha. Latsopano Prince anapita losemphana ndi Moscow boyars, amene chikoka mu mzindawo unali waukulu kwambiri. Support kwa kalasi ndi ndalama zawo ndiye muli ndi makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri mphamvu.

Pamene Moscow apamwamba anazindikira kuti atsogoleri ake atsopano anayamba Finyani kunja anthu akale ku ofesi ndi kutibwezera ndi ofuna awo, ambiri kumbali anathawira Kolomna. Yuri anali akutali ndipo anadulidwa asilikali likulu a. Kenako anaganiza zopita ku dziko ndi mphwake, ndipo anagwirizana ndi kum'bwezera ufumu patapita miyezi ingapo ulamuliro.

Koma Basil sanali wanzeru kwambiri amalume ake. Back mu likulu, nayamba mosapitirira kupondereza ndi boyars amene anathandiza George mu zakuti mphamvu. Otsutsa alakwitsa chomwecho, osati kutenga nkhani zinachitikira chisoni adani ake. Ndiye Vasili analengeza ana a Yuri nkhondo. The Grand Duke anagonjetsedwa kachiwiri pafupi Rostov. amalume ake anakhala kazembe wa Moscow. Komabe, ngakhale miyezi yochepa reshuffle wina Yuri anamwalira (June 5, 1434). Mu likulu, panali mphekesera kulimbikira kuti pomudyetsanso poizoni mmodzi wa ogwira wake. Pansi chifuniro cha George, Duke anakhala mwana wake wamkulu Basil Diagon.

Oblique Basil mu Moscow

ulamuliro onse wa Yuri mu Moscow Vasily 2 anali kuthawa, kumenyana anavutika ndi ana ake. Pamene Diagon anauza mkulu wake Shemyaka kuti tsopano akulamulira mu Moscow, wotchedwa Dmitry sanaulandire kusintha. Iye anakhazikitsa mtendere ndi Basil, limene, ngati lopambana, Mgwirizano analandira Shemyaka Uglich ndi Rzhev. Tsopano akalonga awiri, amene anali kale ndi adani, limodzi ndi asilikali wotulutsa wa mwana wamkulu wa Moscow, Yuriya Zvenigorodskogo.

Oblique Basil, kuphunzira za njira ya asilikali mdani anathawa likulu ku Novgorod, atakhala naye chuma bambo ake. Iye proknyazhil mu Moscow m'chilimwe wina mwezi mu 1434. Mu mothamanga-ukapolo kutenga ndalama agumanikanambo anyankhondo ndipo anapita naye ku mbali ya Kostroma. Poyamba, iye anagonjetsedwa pa mtsinje Kotorosl pafupi Yaroslavl, ndiyeno kachiwiri pa Nkhondo ya chereh mtsinje May 1436. Vasily anagwidwa ndi Dzina lake ndi barbarously khungu. Ndi chifukwa cha kuvulala yace dzina Squint. The Prince kale anafera m'ndende mu 1448.

Nkhondo ndi Kazan Khanate

Panthawi inayake Russia pa mtendere. Grand Prince wa Moskovskiy Vasily II anali kuyesera kupewa nkhondo ndi anansi ake, koma analephera. Kuyambitsa mwazi latsopano anali Khanate wa Kazan. Ndi nthawi iyi, umodzi Zolotaya Orda unagawidwa angapo palokha ulus. Waukulu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri chinali Kazan Khanate. Chitata anapha amalonda Russian ndipo nthawi bungwe maulendo malo malire.

Mu 1445 pakati pa akalonga Asilavo ndi Kazan Khan Mahmoud wosamangidwa lotseguka nkhondo. July 7 pafupi Suzdal nkhondo kunachitika, imene kumuwombera Russian zowawa linagonja. Mkaidi anatengedwa Michael Verey ndi msuweni wake Vasily Mdima 2. Mu ulamuliro wa kalonga uyu (1425-1462) zinadzala ndi nkhani pamene kwathunthu wotaya mphamvu. Pano, pokhala ukapolo Khan, anali mwachidule asakhalenso zochitika kunyumba.

zigaŵenga Chitata

Ngakhale Basil anakhalabe akapolo ku Chitata, iye anali wolamulira wa Moscow wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka - wachiwiri wa malemu Yuriya Zvenigorodskogo mwana. Panthawi imeneyi, anagula mbali zambiri likulu. Nthawiyi Vasily anakopa Kazan Khan mlekeni apite mfulu. Komabe, iye anali kusaina mgwirizano wina amaganiza imene iye anali kulipira indemnity yaikulu ndipo oipitsitsa, kupereka ena a mizinda yake kwa Chitata mu kudya.

Unachititsa funde la mkwiyo ku Russia. Ngakhale kudandaula kwa anthu ambiri mu dziko, ine anayamba kulamulira Moscow Vasily Mdima 2 kachiwiri. Policy analoleza gulu sanathe koma ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa. Komanso, kalonga anadza kwa boma la Russia kutsogoleredwa ndi asilikali Khan yemwe anapatsidwa ndi Chitata, kuyamba wachifumu ndithu.

Wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka atabwerera Goliyati anapuma Uglich. Posachedwapa anayamba amapita mbali ya Moscow, amene anali omveka ndi amalonda, kukhala wosasangalala ndi khalidwe la Basil. Ndi thandizo lawo, Uglich kalonga bungwe kulanda boma, kenako anayamba kulamulira boma la Russia.

Komanso anasankha thandizo la ena mwa akalonga, amene poyamba kusala mkangano. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali Mozhajskij wolamulira Ivan A. ndi Boris Tverskoy. akalonga awa awiri anathandiza Shemyaka monama m'ndende Vasily osonkhana zopatulika za Utatu-Sergio Lavra. February 16, 1446 iye anachititsidwa khungu. kuphedwa anali omveka chifukwa chakuti Basil anapita zinthu ndi zokhumudwitsa horde. Komanso kamodzi analamula kuti khungu mdani. Choncho Shemyaka cilango tsoka la m'bale wakeyo Vasiliya Kosogo.

pambuyo khungu

Pambuyo nkhani imeneyi, nthawi yotsiriza anali ku ukapolo 2 Basil Mdima. Mwachidule, tsoka lake zomvetsa chisoni wawonjezera gulu lake pakati pa anthu apamwamba kugwederagwedera. Khungu monga kusinkhasinkha ambiri a akalonga a Moscow State, amene akhala odzipereka otsutsa Shemyaka. Ndinkagwiritsa ntchito Vasily Mdima 2. Chifukwa Mdima muli dzina lake, tikudziwa kuchokera m'masiku kuti afotokoze epithet khungu izi. Ngakhale zoipa, kalonga wokangalika. mwana wake Ivan (pambuyo Ivan iii) anakhala maso ake ndi makutu, kuthandiza mu zochitika zonse boma.

Ndi kuti Shemyaka Vasily ndi mkazi wake unachitikira Uglich. Mariya Yaroslavna, ngati mwamuna wake, sanataye mtima. Pamene kalonga ukapolo anayamba kubwerera kumbali anakonza dongosolo kugwila Moscow. Mu December 1446 Basil ndi asilikali analanda likulu, izo zinachitika pa nthawi imene wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka akachoka. Tsopano kalonga potsiriza imfa yake anatsimikizira mu boma la Russia.

Mbiri yathu wadziwa kwambiri nkhondo. nthawi zambiri zimenezi zinatha mu kukondera, ndipo chigonjetso wathunthu mmodzi wa zipani. Mu zaka za m'ma XV, chinthu chomwecho chinachitika. Shemyaka agumanikanambo anyankhondo ndipo anakonza kuti apitirize nkhondo ndi Grand Duke. Zaka zingapo atabwerako Basil mu Moscow, January 27, 1450, panali nkhondo ya Galich, zomwe olemba mbiri kuganizira otsiriza internecine nkhondo Russia. Shemyaka anagonja chopanda malire ndipo posakhalitsa anathawira ku Novgorod. Mzinda uno zambiri inasanduka malo akapolo kuchokera kwa Rurik mafumu. Anthu sanali apereke Shemyaka, ndipo anafa imfa yachibadwa mu 1453. Komabe, n'zotheka kuti mobisa poizoni Basil wothandizira. Choncho anathetsa nkhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni lomaliza Russia. Kuyambira pamenepo, akalonga a pachikhalidwe sanali ndi njira kapena kuziyeneleza kulimbana ndi ulamuliro waukulu.

Mtendere ndi Poland ndi Lithuania

Ali mwana, Prince Vasily Mdima 2 sanali amasiyana moyang'ana m'tsogolo. Iye sanalekerere anthu ake mu mwambo nkhondo ndi amalakwitsa zinthu mobwerezabwereza njira, kukhala chifukwa kuphana. Khungu zinasintha kwambiri chikhalidwe. Iye anakhala wodzichepetsa, bata, ndipo mwinanso anzeru. Potsiriza anatengera mu Moscow, Vasily ananyamula chipangizo mtendere ndi anansi ake.

Kuopsa lalikulu ndi Mfumu ya Poland ndi Grand Duke la Lithuania Casimir IV. Mu 1449 pakati pa olamulira izo kupereka pangano limene anazindikira malire anakhazikitsa ndi atalonjeza kuthandiza kunyumba mpikisano nyumba. Kazimierz, komanso Basil, inaopseza nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Mdani wake wamkulu anali Mihail Sigizmundovich, modalira Orthodox mbali ya dziko Chilituyaniya.

The mgwirizano ndi Republic of Novgorod

Kenako gulu Basil 2 Mdima anapitiriza momwemo. Chifukwa chakuti chobisa Shemyaka Novgorod, ndi Republic anapeza yokha kwayekha, amene, pansi mgwirizano, mothandizidwa ndi mfumu Polish. Ndi imfa ya mwana wotsutsayo kalonga anafika ku Moscow akazembe kuletsa malonda embargo ndi njira zina Prince, chifukwa cha zomwe nzika moyo chimakhala zovuta.

The 1456 pangano la yazhelbitsy anali anamaliza pakati pa zipani. Iye wotetezedwa udindo wa m'manja mwa mabwalo Novgorod ku Moscow. Chikalatachi kachiwiri de A jure anatsimikizira udindo waukulu wa Grand Duke ku Russia. Kenako, tagwirizana ntchito ndi mwana Ivan III ndi Basil kuti agwirizane mizinda olemera ndi lonse kumpoto m'mphepete mwa Moscow.

Zotsatira za Board

Zaka zomalizira za moyo Vasiliy Temny unachitikira mu bata ndi mtendere. Iye anafa mu 1462 ku TB ndi mankhwala molakwika adaniwo. Iye anali ndi zaka 47, 37 limene iye (ndi chiswa) anali kalonga wa Moscow.

Basil anakwanitsa kuthetsa fiefdoms kochepa mphamvu zake. Anatsindika kudalira Moscow m'mayiko ena Russian. Pamene anali ndi zofunika ecclesial chochitika. Mwa dongosolo la Prince Bishop wa Metropolitan Yona anasankhidwa. Chochitika chimenechi chinali chiyambi cha mapeto malingana Moscow Mpingo wa Constantinople. Mu 1453 likulu Byzantine unatengedwa ndi Turkey, kenako malo enieni a Orthodoxy anasamukira ku Moscow.