Kuphedwa kwa St. Bartholomew

Ndani amene anamva za ife mau oti "Bartholomew Night"? Mtengo wa phraseologism izi kudziwa angapo, mawu amenewa wakhala n'chimodzimodzi ndi kupulula zopusa ndi ankhanza, ndipo ndithudi opusa nkhanza. Koma chifukwa mawu ena analandira mtengo uwu amadziwika, mwatsoka, osati aliyense.

zochitika analandira kenako dzina la St. Bartholomew, chinachitika mu 1572, pa usiku wa pa August 24. Lero kumakumbukulidwa pa tsiku la St. Bartholomew, dzina lake ndipo anadzatchedwa chochitika adzaoneni. Koma pamaso kufotokoza chochitika lokha, mawu ochepa ziyenera kunenedwa za zimene anali chifukwa.

Europe XVI atumwi, yodziwika ndi mapangidwe ndi kufala kwa magulu osiyanasiyana a zipembedzo zochokera Chikhristu, koma kukana Chikatolika chikhalidwe malo amenewa. Watsopano malangizo ndipo anali kwenikweni ndithu ambiri, kuphatikizapo Lutheran, Anglican, Calvinist, etc. Komabe, Chrixitu, iwo ankasiyana pang'ono. Maziko a Chiprotestanti kayendedwe zosabvuta mabodza kutumikira Mulungu: kukana ambiri a ma sakaramenti, anali atasunga ndi kokha ubatizo participle ndiponso kukana hallows ulemu ndi zithunzi, etc. A nyumba ya kulambira zachotsa guwa ndipo, ndithudi, ziboliboli zonse, zithunzi ndi mafano, kapena kuti zokongola zonse. Komanso, maulaliki onse ndi nyimbo, komanso Baibulo, lomwe ankaona yekha Gwero la maphunziro, m'zinenero wa nkhosa. Komanso, panalibe chinthu choterocho monga lonjezo la kusakwatira, ndi ansembe kukhala membala aliyense ammudzi. Yotsirizira ndi chopangitsa ankadandaula papa ndi Akatolika onse.

Chifukwa cha kutchuka kuwonjezeka kayendedwe Chiprotestanti Europe anayamba nkhondo zachipembedzo. Ambiri a iwo anatenga malo pa dera la France, momwe izo zinaliri apo mwachangu osauka kayendedwe ka Calvin. French mwanthabwala anawatchula ngati Huguenots, ndipo m'kupita dzina munakhala ndi chiwerengero cha Achikalvini.

Chifukwa, angapo wamagazi nkhondo Saint-Germain mtendere anamaliza, imene Huguenots analandira kwambiri ufulu, kuphatikizapo tsankho ufulu wa chipembedzo. Komanso, Calvinist kayendedwe mtsogoleri, asilikali Coligny, anakawagoneka bungwe achifumu. Zimenezi zinkathandiza kuti posachedwapa kupeza chikoka chachikulu pa Charles IX. Kulimbikitsa zina dziko kale zosalimba, anaganiza kupereka Margaritu Valua monga mmodzi wa atsogoleri a Calvinist, Genriha Navarrskogo.

Koma mfumukazi-mayi, Ekaterinu Medichi, izi zilili sankasangalala. Makamaka, chifukwa iye anali akuopa chikoka pa mfumu. Popeza kuti Colin, anayesetsa Charles kuyamba nkhondo ndi Catholic Spain.

Pa pokonzekera ukwati ku Paris anakopeka zambiri zapadera ndi otchuka Achiprotestanti, amene akwiyitsidwa Akatolika Parisian. Ansembe kokha usavutike kusakhutira izi. Kuphatikizapo kupyolera kufalitsa a mphekesera kuti Huguenots akukonzekera chiwembu kuti napasula mfumu.

Phokoso ndi zapamwamba ukwati, umene unachitika August 18, 1572 zina aukali m'tauni. Mu chikhalidwe cha kukula kusakhutira ndi zochitika anayamba mofulumira kwambiri. The Duc de A amati August 22 anapanga chiwembucho Coligny. Choncho, Huguenot akufuna kulanga chigawenga. Zonsezi chikwiyire mwa Achikalvini mphekesera kuti nkhondo yatsopano ndi Akatolika n'zosapeŵeka. Ena mwa iwo anathamanga kuti achoke mu mzindawo.

Kumene, Ekaterina Medichi anapezerapo mwayi pa zimenezi ndipo kukhulupirira Charles akufunika kuwonongedwa thupi la Huguenots. Tsopano St. Bartholomew amavutika.

August 23 malangizo a mfumu zipata zonse kunja kwa mzinda wa Paris anatsekedwa ndipo nyumba Huguenot sankawabisira ndi choko. Usiku womwewo, achiwembuwo anathyola kunyumba kwa asilikali ovulala, namupha. Zitatha izi, anthu a kumudzi, nasonkhezera atsogoleri anayamba gawanikani nyumba ndi kupha aliyense amene njira zawo. Omwe adadzikuza kukhwimitsa wosamvetseka wankhanza kwambiri kukhulupirira mokakamiza komanso kuwopsezedwa ndi achotsa.

Yemweyo dala kuphedwa anayamba, ndipo mizinda ina ya France. Total Bartholomew usiku ankanena miyoyo ya Achikalvini oposa 10,000, umene pafupifupi 3 miliyoni anafa Paris. Sikovuta ndikuganiza kuti nkhanza zoterozo sikuti sikungathetse vutolo, koma kupanga izo poipa. Pambuyo kuti nkhondo ndi Huguenots kwenikweni anakhala mosalephera. Ndi kugonjetsedwa mu nkhondo Akatolika izi zowawa kachiwiri. Charles IX kachiwiri amakakamizidwa asintha.

Komabe, mwambo wokha analandira mayankho ambiri abwino kwa Akatolika padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo Papa. Patapita zaka 425, Papa Yohane Paulo II anavomereza kuti kuphedwa kwa St. Bartholomew ku France anali kulakwitsa, ndipo mwamphamvu izo.

Komabe, Dziwani kuti zimenezi kunachitika, Akatolika osati. Choncho mu mzinda wa Nimes mu zaka zisanu pamaso zotchulidwa zofanana okha bungwe Huguenots. Komabe, St. Bartholomew kuposa zinthu zonse chimodzimodzi kambirimbiri lonse.