Ivan Viskovatov: yochepa mbiri ndi chithunzi

Azambiriyakale sindikudziwa ndendende pamene Ivan Viskovatov anabadwa. Kutchula koyamba za limakhudza 1542, pamene Podyachev analemba kalata kumangosokoneza mgwirizano ufumu Polish. Viskovatov anali wotsika ndithu-anabadwa, iye anali ndi pang'ono okhazikika m'banja lapamwamba. ntchito yake iye wamanga mwa khama lawo, talente zachilengedwe ndi kupembedzera wa ogula la. M'nthawi anafotokoza kuti monga munthu woyankhula mwanzeru kwambiri. wokamba luso zinali zofunika kwambiri kwa nthumwi za, n'zosadabwitsa kuti nthawi Ivan ankapita Viskovatov Ambassadorial kuti (a zinachitika kwa Utumiki wa Affairs okhonda).

kukwezedwa

Mpaka cha m'ma XVI lonse zamtendere dongosolo la boma Russian inamangidwa mozungulira Grand Duke. Iye sakanakhoza kuimirira m'malo ulamuliro ena paokhapaokha, koma panalibe bungwe pagulu.

Pa nkhaniyi mu Moscow mayiko a nthawi imeneyo Tingaone mu zolemba mabuku a kazembeyo. Iwo amati, kuyambira 1549, posachedwapa anavekedwa tsar Ivan Grozny analamula Viskovatov privozimye kulandira nthumwi yachilendo, makalata boma. Anayamba woyamba ulendo boma kunja. Komanso mu 1549, iye anapita ku bwanamkubwa wa Astrakhan Nogais ndi Derbyshev.

Pa mutu wa Office Ambassadorial

Poyerekeza ndi anzawo Ivan Viskovatov ngakhale ndi udindo wochepa. Iye anali kokha Podyachev. Ivan Grozny, wosayamikira luso Viskovatov, anayerekezera oimira anzathu lopambana - Fedor Mishurin ndi Menshikov Putyanin. Choncho fuko lomveka anakhala kalaliki. Komabe mu 1549, Ivan Viskovatov mwadzidzidzi anamuika mutu wa dipatimenti zamtendere. Iye anali msilikali yoyamba ya mtundu umenewu mu mbiri za dziko.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo Viskovatov anayamba ntchito yogwira, amene kwakukulukulu anabwera kudzaonana ndi nthumwi ambiri achilendo. Kuti dikoni anabwera akazembe ku Nogai gulu, Lithuania, Poland, Kazan, Denmark, Germany ndi zina zotero. D. The wapadera udindo Viskovatov mfundo yakuti iye analandira kuyendera olemekezeka munthu. Misonkhano imeneyi panali wapadera dyachya kanyumba. About lake m'makalata ake iye anatchula Ivan Grozny.

udindo nthumwi

Kuwonjezera misonkhano ndi akazembe a Ivan Viskovatov kuyang'anira makalata mfumu ndi za Boyar Duma. Kalalikiyu analipo pa zokambirana zonse kuyambirira. Komanso, iye anali nawo m'gulu la akazembe Russian kunja.

Pamisonkhano ya mfumu pamodzi ndi nthumwi Viskovatov Ivan Mikhailovich anatsogolera ndondomeko kukambirana, ndi kujambula ake pambuyo m'gulu mbiri ndi boma. Komanso, mfumu anamulamula kutsogolera Archive wake. nkhokwe ili zolembedwa wapadera zili: mitundu yonse ya malamulo ku Moscow ndi akalonga ena, pedigrees pepala mfundo yachilendo, zipangizo investigative, zolembalemba boma.

Anapempha kwa State Archives

Munthu amene anaona miyala zachifumu, anali ndi udindo waukulu. Ndi yosungirako izi Viskovatov anali reorganized mu bungwe osiyana. Chapter Akazembe a dongosolo ankayenera kugwira ntchito ndi mapepala kwa Archive, chifukwa popanda sikutheka kufunsa za ubale ndi mayiko ena ndiponso kulinganiza misonkhano ndi alendowo.

Mu 1547 Moscow zowawa moto zoopsa zomwe m'nthawi amatchedwa "lalikulu." The moto kuonongeka ndi Archive. Kusamalira ndi kubwezeretsa zikalata wapatali akhala zoyambirira kuchokera pa chiyambi kwambiri Viskovatov ulamuliro monga mutu wa dipatimenti zamtendere.

Amatetezedwa ndi Zakharins

Wotukuka malamulo tsoka Ivana Viskovatogo wopambana osati chifukwa cha khama lake. Kumbuyo kwake anali ogula wamphamvu amene ankalimbikitsa ndipo anathandiza protégé wake. Iwo anali Zakharins - achibale a woyamba mkazi Ivana Groznogo Anastasia. rapprochement awo anathandiza kuti nkhondo yomwe inayambika ku boma la Russia mu 1553. Mfumu wamng'ono anali kudwala, ndi anamuperekeza ake ndi ofunika adawopa moyo wa mwayekha lapansi. Viskovatov Ivan Mikhailovich akufuna Mafumu kupanga adzakhala ndi pangano. Malinga ndi chikalata ichi boma la mwambo wa imfa ya Ivan tipite kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mwana wake wotchedwa Dmitry.

Mu vuto la kusamvetsa achibale tsogolo KWAMBIRI Staritsa (kuphatikizapo kuzifuna zopangira msuwani wake Vladimir Andreyevich), oopa kulimbitsa kwambiri mdani boyar Fuko anayamba chiwembu Zakharins. Chifukwa, theka la bwalo la sanatenge lumbiro zaumbanda wotchedwa Dmitry. Mpaka posachedwapa anakayikakayika ngakhale mlangizi pafupi ndi mfumu Alexei Adashev. Koma Viskovatov anakhala kumbali ya wotchedwa Dmitry (ie Zakharins), umene nthawizonse zakhala oyamikira kwa Iye. Patapita nthawi mfumu anachira. boyars onse, amene sankafuna kuthandiza zolinga za wotchedwa Dmitry, kunali chizindikiro wakuda.

Diso la mwayekha pa

Mu zaka za m'ma XVI chamene mfundo yachilendo Russia linali kum'mawa. Mu 1552, m'khutu linalanda Kazan, ndipo mu 1556 - Astrakhan. Pa bwalo la wochirikiza mkulu wa kum'mawa anali Aleksey Adashev. Viskovatov, ngakhale limodzi mfumu cholinga chake Kazan, ndi changu kwambiri iye akuchita zochitika kumadzulo. Ndipo Iye anaima pa chiyambi cha kulankhula zamtendere pakati Russia ndi England. Mu Muscovy (monga icho chinali kutchedwa pa nthawi imeneyo ku Europe) analibe mwayi kwa Nyanja Baltic, choncho malonda nyanja ndi World Old zinachitikadi mwa yozizira koopsa yozizira Arkhangelsk. Mu 1553 kunafika English kuyenda panyanja Richard Chensler.

M'tsogolo, malonda wapanga maulendo angapo kuti Russia. Aliyense wa ulendo wake anali limodzi ndi msonkhano miyambo ndi Ivan Viskovaty. Mutu wa Dipatimenti Ambassadorial anakumana ndi Chancellor mu amalonda kampani wamphamvu kwambiri ndi olemera Russian. Izi, ndithudi, kunali za malonda. The British anafuna kukhala monopolist pa msika Russian, chodzaza ndi katundu wapadera kwa azungu. zokambirana zofunika, kukambirana nkhani zimenezi, ikuchitika Ivan Viskovatov. Mu mbiri ya mgwirizano pakati pa maiko awiri, malonda awo oyamba mgwirizano wachita ntchito kwambiri ndipo nthawi yaitali.

Viskovatov ndi England

Amalonda a ku Albion kalata ŵakwenera zonse osiyanasiyana mwayi. Iwo anatsegula maudindo awo mmizinda Russian. negotiators Moscow nawonso ali ndi ufulu wapadera kugulitsa mu UK popanda ntchito.

Free kulowa Russia unali wotseguka ku ojambula zithunzi British, amisiri, aluso ndi madokotala. Amathandiza kwambiri kuti zikamera ubale chopindulitsa pakati mphamvu awiri wakonza Ivan Viskovaty. Tsoka la mapangano ake ndi British anasankha moyo wabwino kwambiri: iwo chinakhalapo mpaka theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVII.

A wochirikiza wa Livonia Nkhondo

Kupanda madoko omwe Baltic ndi kufunitsitsa kuti ndizilalikira Western misika European anakankhira Ivana Groznogo pa chiyambi cha nkhondo Order Livonia, yomwe ili m'malire a masiku ano Estonia ndi Latvia. Pa nthawi imene nyengo yabwino ya Knights anasiyidwa. bungwe lawo lankhondo anali akukumana ndi kusokonezeka, ndi Russian Tsar, osati popanda chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti mosavuta athe kupambana Baltic m'mizinda ikuluikulu: Riga, Dorpat, Reval, St. George, Pernavu. Komanso, Ankhondo okha chikwiyire mkangano, osalola Russia kwa amalonda a ku Ulaya, amisiri ndi mankhwala. The nkhondo zonse inayamba mu 1558 ndipo anakokera kwa zaka 25.

Livonia funso anagawa mfumu anapita magulu awiriwa. Bwalo poyamba ankapita Adashev. anthu ake amakhulupirira kuti m'pofunika woyamba wa zonse kulimbikitsa kuthamanga awo pa kum'mwera Chitata Khanate ndi Ottoman. Ivan Viskovatov ndi olemekezeka ena unachitikira mfundo ina ya view. Iwo ankanena kupitiriza nkhondo mu Baltic States kuti mapeto owawa.

The fiasco mu Baltic States

Mu gawo loyamba la nkhondo ndi Knights zonse anapita chimodzimodzi monga Ivan ankafuna Viskovatov. Wambiri mwa nthumwi ndi chitsanzo cha mfundo, nthawi iliyonse kusankha yoyenera. Ndipo tsopano mutu wa Akazembe a dongosolo kungoganizira. Livonia Order msanga wogonjetsedwa. Castle wa Ankhondo anagonja mmodzi. Zinaoneka kuti Baltic States kale mu thumba.

Komabe, kupambana manja Russian anali kwambiri mantha oyandikana nawo limati Western. Poland, Lithuania, Denmark ndi Sweden ankanena cholowa Livonia ndipo sanafune kupereka zonse Baltic kwambiri. Choyamba, mayiko a ku Ulaya anali kuyesera kuti asiye nkhondo akumane pa iwo kudzera njira zamtendere. Mu Moscow anafika akazembe. Adakomana nawo, monga momwe anali kuyembekezera, Ivan Viskovatov. Photos of nthumwi alibe zinasungidwa, koma ngakhale kudziwa maonekedwe ake ndi makhalidwe, tikhoza kuganiza kuti MOKHOZA kumbuyo zofuna za mwayekha wake. Chapter Kazembe kuti zinakanitsitsa ndi choipa kumadzulo pokambiranapo zotsutsana ndi Order Livonia. zipambano zambiri kuchokera Russian asilikali Baltic States zinachititsa kuti mantha kuti Poland ndi Lithuania anali ogwirizana mu boma limodzi - Rzeczpospolita. A player watsopano m'bwalolo mayiko motsutsana Russia. Atangochoka nkhondo m'khutu analengeza koma ndi Sweden. Livonia nkhondo inali kupitiriza, ndi kupambana onse mikono Russia Kumasula. choonadi Hafu ina ya nkhondo anatenga malo opanda nawo Viskovatov. Ndi nthawi iyi kale kukhala kapolo wa kupondereza mfumu yake.

chamanyazi

Nkhondo ndi boyars Ivan m'khutu inayamba mu 1560, pamene zonse imfa yadzidzidzi ya mkazi wake woyamba, Anastasia. malirime zoipa kufalitsa mphekesera za poyizoni ake. Pang'onopang'ono, mfumu anakhala Muzisamala, iye anadzazidwa ndi vuto lodana ndi mantha wosakhulupirika. phobias awa kwambiri pamene kunja mfumu anathawa mlangizi wapamtima Andrei Kurbsky. Mu Moscow, anaulukira mutu woyamba.

Boyars amalimbikitsa m'ndende kapena ankachita kudzudzula kwambiri zokayikitsa chilango ndi miseche. Mu ima pamzere kwa mbanda ndipo anali ndi nsanje ya mpikisano ambiri Ivan Viskovatov. Mwachidule yonena za nthumwi Komabe, ananena kuti nthawi yake ndi yaitali anakwanitsa bwanji mkwiyo wa mwayekha wake.

imfa

Mu 1570, ndi maziko zomvetsa ku Livonia zoopsa ndipo ankatumikira wake wosankha kupita msasa anthu Novgorod amene amaganiziridwa woukira boma ndi azimvetsa adani achilendo. Pambuyo mwazi anali anathana ndi chisoni tsoka Ivana Viskovatogo. Mwachidule, makina kuonetsa sanasiye yokha. Chiyambi cha mantha ndi boyars wawo, Ivan chikufunika opanduka onse atsopano. Ngakhale sanasunge zikalata imene imafotokoza kuti nthawi yathu monga kusankha Viskovatov, tikhoza kuganiza kuti miseche okondedwa mfumu yatsopano: asilikali Malyuta Skuratov ndi Vasily zauve.

Atatsala pang'ono unango wakuveka wa inachotsedwa pa utsogoleri wa Kazembe dongosolo. Komanso kamodzi Ivan Viskovatov poyera anayesa kupembedzera ndi boyars mantha. Poyankha malangizo nthumwi KWAMBIRI linaphulika anakwiya tirade. Viskovatov anaphedwa pa July 25, 1570. Iye mlandu ubale treasonable ndi Crimea Khan ndi mfumu Polish.