Novgorod ukulu. Zochita za ukulu Novgorod

Pofika m'ma 12 atumwi Kievan Lazaro unakhazikitsidwa 15 maukulu ang'ono ndi lalikulu. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 13, chiwerengero chawo chinawonjezeka ndi 50. Kutha kwa boma anali oipa osati (attenuation pamaso pa nkhondo ya ku Mongolia), komanso positive.

Russia mu nthawi ya kugawikana ang'onoang'ono

Mu ena maukulu ndi anthu wotchuka anayamba kukula mofulumira mizinda anayamba kupanga ndi kukhala asapita malonda limati Baltic ndi Germany. Chochititsa chidwi anali kusintha kwa chikhalidwe chawo: m'masiku analengedwa, kumanga nthambi yatsopano ndipo kwambiri.

Mayiko Major

Mu boma panali maukulu ikuluikulu. Izi, makamaka, tinganene kuti ngati Chernihiv, Kyiv, Seversk. Komabe, yaikulu ankatengedwa zitatu: wotchedwa Galicia-Volhynia kum'mwera chakumadzulo, Novgorod ndi Vladimir-Suzdal kumpoto-kum'mawa. Izi zinali zazikulu ndale malo boma pa nthawi imeneyo. Dziwani kuti iwo onse anali mbali zawo zapadera. Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane zimene zinali mbali ya ukulu Novgorod.

mwachidule

Adakali chiyambi si bwino kwathunthu, amene anayamba kukula wa ukulu Novgorod. Kungotchula loyambirira la mzinda waukulu wa dera a chaka 859-TH. Komabe, amaganiza kuti pamene olemba sanagwiritse ntchito timva nyengo (iwo anaonekera kwa 10-11 atumwi), ndipo anasonkhana nthano amene akhala wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu. Pambuyo Russia anatenga pa mwambo Byzantine nkhani yolemba, olemba amayenera kupanga tinkhani, paokha kuyerekeza tsiku isanayambe kulembamo nyengo. Ndithudi, izi ndi zolakwika chibwenzi kutali, kotero musati kum'khulupirira kwathunthu motere.

Ukulu "Novgorod Land"

dera kalelo inali yotani? Novgorod amatanthauza "latsopano mzinda." Mudzi mu Lazaro unali ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri kuthetsa inkakhala ndi mipanda. Ofukula anapeza midzi itatu inali ku gawo, yomwe chinkhoswe mu ukulu Novgorod. Udindo Hrs m'madera mwachindunji mu umodzi wa mbiri. Malinga ndi dera mudziwe kumanzere banki ya Volkhov (tsopano boma la Russia).

Ndi ndime ya midzi nthawi ophatikizidwa mu chimodzi. Anthu anamanga mphamvu yonse. Iye ankatchedwa Novgorod. Kafukufuku Uta anali ndi maganizo kale kuti kuloŵedwa mbiri ya mzinda watsopano unali mzinda wakale. Inali ndi wopambana pafupi gwero la Volkhov. Malinga ndi mbiri, ndi kuthetsa wakale anali kuthetsa mipanda yolimba kwambiri. Unakhalabe akalonga a ukulu Novgorod ndi akazembe awo. azambiriyakale Local ngakhale anasonyeza ndithu kopanda molimba mtima kuti m'nyumba ya anakhala ndi Rurik. Popeza izi zonse akhoza amanena kuti kuthetsa nkhani imeneyi ndi ukulu Novgorod. Geographical n'chodabwitsa malo angathe kuonedwa kuti mkangano zina. Kuima pa njira Volga-Baltic ndi ankaona panthawiyo malonda mwachilungamo lalikulu ndi luso, nkhondo ndi mfundo utsogoleri.

Zochita za ukulu Novgorod

M'zaka za zana loyamba linakhalapo, ndi kuthetsa anali ochepa (by mfundo amakono). Novgorod anali matabwa kwathunthu. Inali pa mbali zonse za mtsinje, chimene chinali ndithu chinthu wapadera, chifukwa kawirikawiri midzi anali pa phiri ndipo mbali imodzi. Anthu woyamba kumanga nyumba zawo pafupi ndi madzi, koma osati kwambiri ndi izo, chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa madzi m'malo pafupipafupi. Misewu zinamangidwa perpendicular kwa Volkhov. Patapita linagwirizana ndi "kuswa-kunja" kanjira msewu kufanana kwa mtsinje. Kumanzere banki ya lalitali makoma a boma la Russia. Pa nthawi imeneyo zinali laling'ono kwambiri kuposa amene waima Novgorod lero. M'mphepete ena mu Chisiloveniya m'mudzi ili Manor ndi bwalo kalonga.

Mbiri Russian

Novgorod ukulu otchulidwa zolembedwa ndi mokwanira yaing'ono. Komabe, zinthu zimenezi pang'ono ndi zopindulitsa. Mu mbiri ya pachibwenzi 882, chaka, amakamba za nkhondo ya Prince Oleg kuti Kiev ku Novgorod. Chifukwa, tinauza awiri akuluakulu East Asilavo mafuko: M'minda ndi Ilmen Asilavo. Zinali kuchokera nthawi imeneyo ndipo akuyamba nkhani ya Old boma Russian. Lembani 912, chaka zikusonyeza kuti ukulu Novgorod analipira Scandinavians mu chaka hryvnia 300 posungitsa bata.

Records a mitundu ina

Novgorod ukulu otchulidwa mbiri Byzantine. Mwachitsanzo, Mfumu Constantine VII analemba za Rousseau m'zaka 10. Mu sagas Scandinavia alongo Novgorod ukulu. Nthano oyambirira anaonekera kuyambira ulamuliro wa ana a Sviatoslav. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, pakati pa ana ake awiri Oleg ndi Yaropolk yolimbirana mphamvu. Mu 977 chaka TH a nkhondo kunachitika. Chifukwa, izo Jaropolk anagonjetsa asilikali Oleg nakhala Grand Duke, anabzala Novgorod posadniks awo. Panalinso m'bale lachitatu. Koma poopa kuphedwa, Vladimir anathawira ku Scandinavia. Komabe, kulibe anali ndi kanthawi kochepa chabe. Mu 980, chaka anabwerera Novgorod ukulu ndi Scandinavia aganyo. Kenako anagonjetsa posadniks ndipo anasamukira ku Kiev. Pali Jaropolk Vladimir kutsitsidwa ku mpando wachifumu ndipo anakhala Kalonga wa Kiev.

chipembedzo

Novgorod ukulu Mbali adzakhala chosakwanira ngati ife sanalankhule za kufunikira kwa chikhulupiriro m'malonjezano miyoyo ya anthu. The 989 anabatizidwa. Choyamba, izo zinali mu Kiev, ndiyeno Novgorod. Mphamvu kuchuluka likuvutika Chikhristu ndi mmodzi ake. The bungwe la mpingo inamangidwa m'njira masanjidwe. Iwo wakhala chida champhamvu mapangidwe statehood Russian. Mu chaka cha ubatizo Novgorod ananditumiza Joachim Korsunianin (Byzantine wansembe). Koma, ine ndiyenera kuti Akhristu monga munakhala. Anthu ambiri anali pachangu palibe polekanitsa ndi chikhulupiriro cha makolo awo. Malinga zofukulidwa m'mabwinja, ambiri miyambo yachikunja anapulumuka kwa zaka 11-13. Ndipo Mwachitsanzo, Mardi Gras chikondwerero lero. Ngakhale holide imeneyi poona mitundu ina Mkhristu.

ntchito Yaroslava

Pambuyo Vladimir anakhala Kalonga wa Kiev, iye anatumizidwa ku Novgorod Vysheslav mwana, ndi pambuyo pa imfa yake - Yaroslav. Dzina la yamasika ofanana pofuna kuchotsa chikoka cha Kiev. Popeza 1014, chaka Yaroslav anakana kupereka msonkho. Vladimir atadziwa, anayamba kusonkhanitsa kumuwombera, koma m'kupita kwa yokonza atamwalira mwadzidzidzi. Anakwera wachifumu Svyatopolk olangidwa. Iye anapha abale ake Svyatoslav Drevlyansky ndipo kenako n'chinthu chofunikira woyera ndi Boris Gleb. Yaroslav anali mu ndithu malo ovuta. Pa dzanja limodzi, iye anali amatsutsana nazo kwathuthu kulanda mphamvu Kiev. Koma pa dzanja ena - kumuwombera wake anali silamphamvu. Anagwirizana kutembenukira ku Novgorod kulankhula. Jaroslav analimbikitsa anthu kuti akagwire Kiev, kubwerera Choncho okha kumbuyo zonse chidachotsedwa mu mawonekedwe a msonkho. Anthu anavomera, ndipo patapita kanthawi pa Nkhondo ya Liubech Svyatopolk anali mutu anagonjetsedwa ndipo anathawira ku Poland.

zochitika zina

Mu 1018, chaka, pamodzi ndi gulu la Boleslaw (bambo mkazi wake ndi Mfumu ya Poland) Svyatopolk anabwerera ku Russia. Nkhondo anagonjetsa Yaroslav bwinobwino (anathamanga ndi asilikali anayi kuchokera kumunda). Iye ankafuna kupita ku Novgorod, kenako anaganiza zopita ku Scandinavia. Koma anthuwo achite. Anadula Makwangwala Olimbana onse anasonkhana ndalama, ndi asilikali watsopano, kulola Prince kupitiriza nkhondo. Panthawi imeneyi, chikhulupiriro amene akukhala mwamphamvu zokwanira pa mpando wachifumu Svyatopolk anakangana ndi Mfumu ya Poland. Asalandidwe, iye walephera nkhondo pa Alta. Jaroslav pambuyo Nkhondo ya Novgorod anamasulidwa kunyumba, kuwapatsa zikalata wapadera - "Choonadi" ndi "Nkhani ya Association". Malinga ndi iye, iwo anali ndi moyo. M'zaka chotsatira, ukulu Novgorod komanso ankadalira Kiev. Choyamba bwanamkubwa Yaroslav anatumiza mwana wake Ilya. Kenako anatumiza Vladimir, amene 1044, chaka anaika linga. Chaka chotsatira, pa lamulo lake linayamba ntchito yomanga mpingo watsopano mwala m'malo mwa matabwa Sophia (zomwe kuwotchedwa). Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kachisi ndi chizindikiro mwauzimu Novgorod.

andale

Iye pang'onopang'ono. Mmasiku awiri kuima mu mbiri. Poyamba panali Republic ang'onoang'ono, amene ankalamulidwa ndi kalonga. Ndipo wachiwiri - kulamulira a oligarchy lapansi. Pa nthawi yoyamba mu ukulu Novgorod analipo ziwalo zonse zikuluzikulu za mphamvu ya boma. Apamwamba Institute amaona Boyarsky Council ndi Komiti. Mphamvu wamkulu anali akuupereka tysyatsky ndi makhoti kalonga, burgomaster, meya, volosteli ndi ulamuliro volostelyami. Veche anali ndi tanthauzo lapadera. Unali ulamuliro wapamwamba pano ndipo anasangalala ndi mphamvu kwambiri kuposa maukulu ena. Veche anathana nkhani za m'banja komanso akunja chikhalidwe, anathamangitsa kapena anasankha wolamulira, wakunja kwatawuni ndi ena akuluakulu. Ndi lamilandu. thupi ndi Bungwe la boyars lapansi. chiwindi ankafunitsitsa lonse m'tawuni kasamalidwe dongosolo. The zikuchokera kwa Council panafika anthu otchuka olemekezeka, akulu, tysyatskiye, posadniki Bishop ndi Prince. Mphamvu ya wolamulirayo anali n'zochepa kwambiri mu mbali ndi buku, koma ndithudi mtsogoleri mu matupi kasamalidwe. candidacy Choyamba kalonga tsogolo zinkakambidwa pa Bungwe la boyars lapansi. Pambuyo pake, iye anaitanidwa kuti kusaina mgwirizano ratification. Iwo okhudza mmene alili malamulo ndi boma udindo wa boma poyerekezera wolamulirayo. Kalonga anakhala ndi bwalo lake kunja kwa mzinda wa Novgorod. Wolamulira ndi ufulu wopanga malamulo, kulengeza nkhondo kapena mtendere. Pamodzi ndi Posadnik Prince analamula asilikali. The zopinga zilipo sanalole olamulira kulimbitsa mzinda ndi kuziika mu malo ankalamulira.