Arnold Toynbee: chitukuko - chimangidwe tililaka nacho kuitana kunja

Mfundo imeneyi lachokera ku Latin civis mawu, sipangakhalenso likumasuliridwa kuti "yapachiweniweni singaimitse ntchitoyi" kapena "boma". Mu kwambiri kapena zochepa mphamvu ano izo koyamba ndi French wophunzitsa Viktorom Mirabo. Malinga ndi kudziwa kwake, chitukuko - ndi mndandanda wa malamulo ena kakhalidwe ka kusiyanitsa anthu ku moyo nyama: chidziwitso, ulemu, olimbikitsa khalidwe, ulemu, ndi zina zotero. Mawu amenewa limanenanso ntchito nzeru zapamwamba wina otchuka a chi - ndi Scot Adam Ferguson. Kwa iye, chitukuko - ndi gawo ena a chitukuko cha anthu. Ferguson anaona mbiri monga kukula kwapang'onopang'ono chikhalidwe cha anthu (mabuku, midzi, anthu) - kuchokera nkhanza chikhalidwe kwambiri kuyambira. Mofananamo, kukhala kumvetsetsa nkhaniyo ndipo kenako maphunziro nzeru, olemba mbiri ndi akatswiri. Kwa iwo onse chitukuko - ndi mfundo, mwanjira ina zokhudzana ndi anthu ndipo ali ndi mbali zomwe anthu. Komabe, kusintha likuyandikira. Pakuti Marxists Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko - ndi siteji ya chitukuko cha mphamvu wopindulitsa.

Njira mbiri Arnolda Toynbi

Chitsanzo chidwi za ndondomeko mbiri anapereka mbiri British Arnold Toynbee. M'buku lake lotchuka "Kuphunzira History", wopangidwa mwa mabuku angapo amaona mbiri yonse ya magulu a anthu, monga ya osalunjika chiyambi chitukuko komanso kuchepa akuluakulu amene angapeze panthawi zosiyanasiyana ndiponso m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lonse. Mbali iliyonse civilizational m'dera anafotokoza zawo zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe: m'midzi nyengo, anansi mbiri ndi zina zotero.

Zimenezi ndi Arnold Toynbee lotchedwa lamulo la vuto ndi ayankhe. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso chake, aliyense wodziwika ndi chitukuko chinsinsi chichokera madera pratsivilizatsionnyh poyankha Chifukwa cha kunja kwa thupi. Ndipo mwina kufa kapena kulenga chitukuko mu njira ya yankho lake. Mwachitsanzo, panali Babulo wakale ndi chitukuko Iguputo. Poyankha m'mayiko louma kuti apulumuke mafuko m'deralo kunali koyenera kuti akonze dongosolo lonse la njira yokumba ulimi wothirira, zomwe zifunika pambuyo kukonza mosamala. Zimenezi, zinachititsa kubadwa kwa zida za kukakamiza osauka, ndi zikamera wa chuma, ndipo chifukwa boma, lomwe natenga maonekedwe a chitukuko malinga ndi mikhalidwe kunja nyengo.

Mkhristu akale chitukuko mu Russia wakhala anatuluka monga anachita zankhanza zonse mafuko woyendayendawu apeze anthuwo East Asilavo mafuko. Mu Buku loyamba la "Kuphunzira History" wake Toynbee limatchula chitukuko makumi awiri wani lonse mbiri ya anthu. Mwa iwo, kupatula amene Akutchulidwa, Chinese wakale, Agiriki, Arabic, Hindu, Andean, Minoan, Mayan, Sumeri, India, kumadzulo, Mhiti, Far East, Akhristu awiri - mu Russia ndi Balkans, Iran, ndi Mexico Yucatán. Mu mabuku kenako maganizo ake anakumana kusintha, ndipo chiwerengero cha chitukuko utachepa. Komanso, wazambiriyakale taonera ena amene ali ndi mwayi kukhala chitukuko, koma sanathe kuthana ndi vuto yake. Awa anali Mwachitsanzo, ku Sparta, ndi akale Scandinavians, ndi wongosamukasamuka wa Great steppe.