Manu: makhalidwe onse (lalifupi), nkhani yaikulu

Manu ndi mndandanda wa malamulo (dharma). ntchito yaikulu - kudziwa khalidwe la anthu Indian pa moyo wawo.

kufunika kwa kafukufuku

Chiyani muyenera kuwerenga Malamulo a Manu? Mbali Gwero zimathandiza kudziwa chikhalidwe ndi umoyo ndi zachuma mbiri ya India. chitukuko ichi ndi chimodzi mwa yakale kwambiri mu dziko. Izo zachitika mu Indus Valley, zaka zoposa zikwi zinayi zapitazo. Malo a chitukuko ichi anali Harappa ndi Mahendzho-Laro. Mu malo kumene kunali mizindayi, zofukulidwa m'mabwinja kunachitika. anapeza anakhazikitsa chakuti mu malo a chitukuko, akale Indian handicrafts anali bwino akupangidwa malonda komanso ulimi. Panali pa iwo, ndipo stratification wa anthu. About imeneyi Indian mbiri sayansi lili ndi mfundo zochepa.

Deta yaikulu pa chikhalidwe ndi ubwenzi umoyo ndi zachuma a anthu Indian ndi nthawi nthawi, anayamba mu theka lachiwiri la woyamba Zakachikwi BC. e. ndipo itha ndi atumwi AD choyamba. Izi otchedwa Magadha-maudiysky nthawi imene pali maphunziro waukulu anthu osati India koma m'dera lonse la East wakale. Iwo anali Mauryan Ufumu.

Zolembalemba zipilala nthawi imeneyi ndi miyambo angapo ndipo achipembedzo malamulo Brahmanic kalembera - dharmashastr ndi dharmasutr. Ena mwa iwo ndi odziwika bwino kwambiri pa nthawiyo. Zikuphatikizapo Dharma, kapena Malamulo a Manu.

mafotokozedwe ambiri

Chipembedzo ndi makhalidwe abwino malangizo ali mawonekedwe ndakatulo - ndi chimene ndi Malamulo a Manu. Makhalidwe onse a chopereka amapereka lingaliro la munthu komanso chikhalidwe moyo wa anthu a India wakale. Akukhulupirira kuti ziphunzitso wanenedwa m'ndondomekozi amapatsidwa m'malo mwa demigod wa Manu, ndi lodziwika bwino kholo la anthu onse.

Mawu "Dharma" likuchokera ku Chisansikiriti. Kumatanthauza "amene amathandiza ndi mulinso zinthu zonse." Dharma - ndi osatha dziko kuti lamulo, womwenso ufulu mwambo ndi malamulo okhazikika mu boma. Dharma wakhala kuonedwa kuti lamulo la cikhalidwe ndi munthu. Tsatira onse ayenera kuti kuvomerezedwa.

zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu akale Indian anali Malamulo a Manu. General maonekedwe a njira, dongosolo la chopereka akhala tsopano kwambiri kufufuza ndi azambiriyakale maphunziro.

okhutira

Khumi ndi mitu monga mwa umembala wake Malamulo a Manu. makhalidwe General ndi wonena za malamulo ngati kuti onse Nkhani wake (ndipo pali 2685) zalembedwa mu mawonekedwe a couplets (slokas). kotunga Izi ritmitizirovannaya ndi zina mwa malamulo ambiri achipembedzo cha limati wakale. Chitsanzo ndi Baibulo.

ndi Malamulo a Manu (general makhalidwe) chiyani? Mwachidule tiphunzira chikalata akhoza anazindikira kuchokera malongosoledwe a m'bukuli. Likulowa loyamba tsatanetsatane wa chilengedwe chonse ndiponso wa Mulungu kudzikonda sakupezeka (Mlengi). Iwo akunena za chiyambi cha mitundu (4 waukulu makalasi), komanso mbali ya Brahmins akusunga chuma cha Chilamulo chonse, analinganizidwiratu kwa anthu onse.

Mu chaputala chachiwiri imapereka yofotokoza za analeredwa Hindu, kutsatira lamulo. Malinga ndi izo, munthu ayenera kuyamba mu chidziwitso cha otchedwa Vedas. Only mu nkhani iyi izi tinganene kuti okonzekera moyo watsopano. Chaputala chachiwiri limanena za ntchito za miyambo ndi miyambo mu moyo wa chipembedzo cha chi Hindu. Iwo akunena za nzeru wopatulika, amene ali dharmashastr.

Kodi zizolowezi zina monga Manu? General maonekedwe a malamulo anafotokoza zofunika ndiponso mfundo zothandiza pa moyo banja. Angapezeke mu Chapter III. M'malemba ya chigawo chino amatanthauza lamanja la ukwati (Anuloma) ndi zotsatira za m'gwirizanowu zimakhalanso zolimba zosayenera banja (pratilom). Nawa asankha ndi zofunika anachititsa miyambo.

Mitu IV kuti VI zambiri za ukhondo tsiku, njira sacralization za tsiku ndi tsiku, komanso olondola tsiku chizolowezi. Iwo lonena za zochita zoletsedwa limafotokoza za miyambo ya chiyeretso ndi moyo.

Kodi malamulo ena ali Manu? General makhalidwe a chaputala chachisanu ndi chiwiri tikathe kupereka lingaliro la dharma, amene ayenera kutsatira mfumu. Iyo imakhala kunja mu nkhani za ntchito za chilango ndi chilungamo, kukonza dongosolo ndi chitetezo "wa zolengedwa zonse." Kuperekedwa ku Chapter VII malangizo msonkho, utsogoleri, nkhondo, ndi zina.

Chidwi Malamulo a Manu, ndi khalidwe la nkhani ya chikalata ichi zokhudza zifukwa zimene ziyenera kupita kukhoti. Palimodzi pali 18. Izi zili Chapter VIII. Malinga ndi mwambo wa Manu, chifukwa mlanduwu kungakhale chokhumudwitsa chigawenga kapena wakuswa ubale contractual, chiwawa kapena kuba, kumenya kapena mjedo, chigololo, craps ndi zambiri. D. mutu limeneli limafotokoza malamulo a chigamulo chilango. Apa tikukamba za kusalakwa anthu amene achita pofuna kuteteza akazi chiwawa mwana kapena wansembe Bramini.

Khalidwe m'banja akufotokozedwa monga Malamulo a Manu. General maonekedwe a mutu wa chinayi apereka mwachidule katundu ndi ufulu wa munthu monga mwamuna ndi mkazi, komanso ntchito yawo ndi ufulu wolandira cholowa. Ife panopa ndi udindo wa mfumu, kumukakamiza chilango chophwanya malamulo anafotokoza.

Mu Chapter X ya Malamulo a Manu, mungapeze malamulo varna lapansi. Zikuphatikizapo 7 njira yovomerezeka imene nkotheka kupeza chuma, komanso njira 10, zomwe zingathandize kuti kuli anthu amene akuvutika.

Chapter XI nthawi moyo angawauze Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira, lomwe limapezeka pa mapeto a mezhvarnovyh osokonezeka, maukwati osasamba ikuchitika kuphwanya dharma.

Chapter XII malangizo okhudza miyambo ya kulambira, komanso maudindo a ophunzira. Limanenanso nkhani za udindo adzanyamula anthu dala matupi awo, malingaliro ndi mawu.

Awa ndi malamulo a Manu. makhalidwe General (mwachidule) onse mitu limakupatsani kudziwa za chikalata ichi.

mapangidwe kampaniyo

Social stratification wa anthu akale Indian inayamba mu matumbo a m'madera onsewo alipo. Makhalidwe Manu amalola kupeza njira iyi chithunzi yonse.

Mugone Tribal pang'onopang'ono linakwiriridwa. Zimenezi zinali mbali ya chitukuko mbiri ya anthu. More otchuka ndi amphamvu yobereka lolunjika chitetezo asilikali awo, ulamuliro ndi zaunsembe m'manja mwawo. The Chotsatira chake chinali kutukula chuma ndi lochitira chikhalidwe, zikamera wa ukapolo. Tribal osankhika wakhala apamwamba mafuko.

Chigawo Social ku India wakale zinachitika pa dongosolo Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira. Anthu onse anali m'magulu anayi - Varna:

- brähmaëas (Ansembe);

- Shantou (alimi);

- Kshatriyas (ankhondo);

- Sudras (untouchables).

Kaperekedwe Manu amapereka lingaliro momveka bwino zimene ndi muyezo waukulu kugawa anthu m'magulu. Mwachitsanzo, Brahmans anali kuphunzira otchedwa Vedas kale zaka eyiti. Anthuwa ankatengedwa akulu kwa zaka sikisitini. Kshatriya kunali koyenera kuphunzira otchedwa Vedas kwa zaka khumi. ambiri awo Chikupindulidwa ndi zaka makumi awiri ndi ziwiri. Ndi zaka khumi ndi ziwiri kuphunzira otchedwa Vedas Vashj. Iwo malinga ndi Malamulo a Manu anakhala akulu okha zaka twente-foro.

muyeso wina kuti amalola kuti asankhe munthu ndiwe wa varna chinali chakuti kubadwa kwake. M'kupita kwa nthawi, panali wosanganiza mabanja. Pa nkhani imeneyi, panali onse gulu la anthu chikhalidwe wachokera, amene kuganizira za chiyambi cha makolo ake.

Osiyana Varna ndi angawauze (shudras). Iwo sakanakhoza kukhazikika mu malo a makalasi ena, ndi zovala malinga ndi Malamulo a Manu, iwo anali kokha mu nsanza. Malinga za malamulo a anthu awa ukugwira kwa agalu.

Chifukwa cha zinthu zokhudza boma wakale Indian ndi dera. Ilo linali gulu la alimi free, kapena, kwambiri mwachidule, m'mudzimo. Community ku India - wodziimira lodzilamulira thupi. Ngati ife kulankhula za Malamulo a Manu, khalidwe la chisunzo. 219 Ndi umboni konkire chakuti timu anali wokhoza kuti alimi ufulu kukhala yokha chuma, ngakhale kupanga amachita ndi anthu.

Mapangidwe Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira (jāti)

Ndi chitukuko cha anthu ndi kupatukana kukulitsa njira ntchito akupitiriza mchitidwe olekanitsa. A kumvetsa bwino zikupereka Manu (general makhalidwe). Division ndi Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira ndi jati (Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira) alipo India lero.

M'chigawo akale analipo utsogoleri wolowezana zotsatirazi:

- pa mitundu apamwamba, anaimira kalasi a sing'anga ambiri ambuye ang'onoang'ono;

- m'munsi Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira amayi, amalonda ndi wobwereketsayo, feudalists ang'ono ndi eni dziko.

Jāti mosiyana varn ankaimira achilendo Corporation. Mkati maboma mitundu inakhazikitsidwa, panali mwambo winawake, miyambo yosiyanasiya-. Kampaniyi limathandiza anthu ake ndipo anaima pofuna kuteteza zofuna zawo.

Pa mfundo zambiri India akhoza kukuuzani Manu (general makhalidwe). Division ndi Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira ndi jati analipo yekha mu State kuti. Mu Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira uyu ali okhwima dongosolo masanjidwe. Manu kuloledwa kukwatira pakati pa mamembala a jati ndi, ananena umembala cholowa, ndi zina zotero. D.

umwini

Ataphunzira Malamulo a Manu, ikulongosola ambiri a magwero a mabungwe a maubale a State zimaonekera. Onsewo yagawidwa nthambi osiyana malamulo. Ndiponso, angapo malangizo chachikulu. Lamulo limeneli chigawenga ndi katundu ufulu, komanso cholowa ndiponso lamulo bwino. Onsewo zikugwirizananso ndi Malamulo a Manu.

Makamaka bwino yapangidwa India wakale anali ndi ufulu chuma. chigawo Aika imatengedwa cholowa (bhukti), kuti (swami) ndi ntchito (Bhagya).

Awo amene amaphunzira Malamulo a Manu, khalidwe m'machaputala mfundo chikalata kuti amafuna angapo umalimbana kuteteza ufulu chuma cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chuma makina, ziweto, zida banja, tirigu ndi akapolo. Munthu akanakhoza kukhala ndi dziko. Komabe, anakhala chuma pa nthawi yaitali umwini (A zaka 30-60), anapereka chikhulupiriro chabwino ndi mankhwala ake. Aliyense anaponya dziko lake pa kufesa kapena kukolola, malinga ndi Malamulo a Manu amayenera chindapusa. Chilango chomwecho akhadikhira ndi anthu amene amaphwanya malamulo a zogulitsa.

Pa mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo chikhalidwe cha India wakale tionetseni Malamulo a Manu. Zochita za mabungwe waukulu malamulo amapereka kuzindikira zinthu m'chigawo akapolo mphamvu. Iwo akhoza kukhala chuma dera kapena munthu payekha. Ena akapolo ntchito mwachindunji ndi boma.

A bwino kuvomerezedwa

Malinga ndi mwambo wa Manu, aliyense wa zimenezi ndi kutengedwa ngati pangano kwawo. ntchito zina ziletso pa mbali ina, chimene chinapangitsa kuwonongeka kapena kuumitsa wabwino.

Mchikhalidwe of Ancient India malamulo pofotokoza zotheka mitundu zosiyanasiyana komanso zinthu zazikulu ndi akuwuka kwa chibwenzi. Iye akhapidziwa kuti chikalatacho zinali zoona zokha pa nkhani ya chilolezo zaufulu za zipani. Mgwirizanowo anamaliza oledzera kapena wamisala munthu, ndi mwana kapena kapolo mphamvu anali. Iwo ananenanso Malamulo a Manu. makhalidwe General ndi zazikulu zili m'machaputala Chilamulo Institute, zikusonyeza kuti ambiri bwino anayamba wa pangano ngongole. Lamulo pa nkhaniyi anasonyeza makhalidwe omwe anapangidwa zaka mazana ambiri. Choncho, mu India wakale zinali ponseponse katapira. Pa nthawi yomweyo mwalamulo anali ziwawa chidwi pansi Mapangano amenewa. The wamangawa wa lamulo anali wokongoza kwathunthu yozungulira. Anandilola kupeza ngongole kukakamiza ndiponso mochenjera, mphamvu ndi zina zotero .. Mu Manu kutetezedwa zimenezi si envisaged. Komanso, wamangawa ndi amene analimba mtima kuti kupeleka madandawulo kwa wokongoza, iye chinaperekedwa kwa chabwino ndi. Osati akuvutitsa ku ntchito yake ngakhale imfa. Ngongole ali basi kugwiritsa ntchito achibale. Mkulu kukongoza mitengo ndi mavuto a anthu amenewa anali chifukwa cha kufala lonse wa ngongole bungwe la ukapolo.

M'munda wa lamulo India wakale malo apadera anapatsidwa kugwirizana ntchito. Nkhani Malamulo a Manu mwayi atumiki ndi anthu ogwira ntchito, amatchulidwa pamodzi. Ufulu wa anthu amene ankapanga pansi mgwirizano wa ntchito kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, nthawi zambiri linaphwanya. Wantchito pa mpata uliwonse chindapusa chifukwa chimene pafupifupi konse inalandira chifukwa iye. mavuto a anthu amakakamizidwa kupereka ufulu zili zabwinobwino. Pa nthawi yomweyo Manu analimbikitsa chapamwamba mitundu kukanidwa malipiro.

Mabanja ndi ukwati

nthambi ili la chilamulo amasonyeza mutu lachisanu ndi chinayi la Malamulo a Manu. Nkhani yoyamba kwambiri zonena zake udindo wamng'ono wa akazi mu banja, zimene ziyenera unquestioningly kumvera bambo ake komanso mwamuna wake ndi mwana. Popeza mfumu ayenera anatumizidwa akuwasamalira.

Malamulo a Manu akuti, ndi atate alibe ufulu kutenga mwana wake malipiro. Komabe, mu India wakale, ukwati si zogulitsa covert. Nthawi zambiri, banjalo m'badwo chachikulu kusiyana. Izi zilili chifukwa cha zaka otsika ukwati.

Malinga ndi mwambo wa Manu, ndi mng'ono analibe ufulu kukwatira kapena kukwatiwa pamaso mkuluyu. Monga malamulo analetsa ukwati wa abale magazi kwa m'badwo wa chisanu ndi chiwiri. Nkhani munthu Amakonda kuteteza mkazi wake ndi "chiyero cha mibadwo." milandu izi Manu kugona pa mwamuna wake (mutu wa IX ndi, Art. 6, 7).

Lamanja la cholowa

Mu India wakale miyambo yake. Malinga ndi malamulo, malinga ndi Malamulo a Manu, bambo wa malowo anali kulandira ana okha. Munda analibe imbeciles lamanja, zigawenga boma, anthu achotsedwa Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira, ndi zina zotero. D. Mkazi anali ndi ufulu ntchito yekha wa mwana wake, ngati iye analibe ana.

Malamulo a Manu unakhazikitsidwa dongosolo la motsatizana. cholowa sayenera onse anapereka zinalembedwa. chuma wadutsa mu manja a ana mbadwa. Ngati iwo sanali, ndiye chuma chawo chinaperekedwa kwa ana a mwana wake. Komanso, olowa ankawaona ana amene adasiya nyumba, ndiyeno amutenge. Popeza malo amenewa akhoza onse kupita mphunzitsi wa. Wansembe wa kunyumba. Ngati sanali iyeyo, kapena aakazi, katundu wawo yense anatumizidwa ku chuma cha mfumukazi.

Yachokera pa kusanthula Malamulo a Manu, tinganene kuti iwo ali chitsanzo wamkulu wa chilamulo cha motsatizana. Wills pa nthawi samaganiza. Lamanja la cholowa zapita yekha pa izi malamulo.

Chiweruzo ndi chilango

Mu Manu mfundo zokhudza malamulo a boma ngati "muyambirenso", "mitundu ya kupalamula," "mogwirizana" ndi "katundu mlandu" malinga ndi zomwe watilakwira wa varna kapena wovulalayo.

Izo zimanyezimiritsa malamulo ndi malamulo a India wakale ndi mitundu ya milandu. Iwo anawagawa:

- Boma;

- ndi chuma;

- ndi munthu;

- kungapondereze banja.

Manu ankati ndi zilango zosiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo:

- chilango cha imfa;

- ziwalo;

- athamangitsidwe;

- ndalama;

- m'ndende;

- kumeta mpala (kwa Bramini).

Njira onse waswa malamulo ndi yapachiweniweni anali ofanana ndipo anali ndi chikhalidwe mpikisano. The Supreme Court amaperekera mfumu ndi Brahmans. Komanso akuluakulu zogwirizana anali mayunitsi zonse zaboma. Pakuti yense midzi khumi kutumikiridwa bolodi milandu. Zonse ankaona, zochokera utsogoleri wolowezana wa mitundu.

Ndiwo umboni ndi umboni. Ndipo kwa bwalo, iwo anali ndi phindu osiyana. Zinali kudalira umboni katundu ndi varna makamaka. Monga umboni, mayeso akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi moto, madzi, zolemera, ndi zina zotero. D.

Mfumu monga woweruza wamkulu wa Malamulo a Manu, amayenera amnesties pachaka.

Pomaliza

Zikuoneka kuti Malamulo a Manu zinalembedwa ndi mmodzi mwa anthu anzeru a sukulu wakale Indian Brahman. Iwo akhala anapatsidwa dzina la imeneyi ya malamulo ndi dzina la kholo lachinsinsi la umunthu.

Mu Middle Ages Manu mobwerezabwereza ndemanga ndi anasintha. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kufunika kuti linali lofika India chopereka.

M'chaka cha 1794, mwambo wa Manu koyamba linatuluka mu Chingelezi. Translation wolemba anali V. Johnson. Kenako, malamulo ndi malangizo a mtundu Indian mobwerezabwereza lasindikizidwa m'zinenero zonse European.