Mphatso za chitukuko cha thunthu Leonardo da Vinci. Thunthu mu zina zachidule wa Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci anafa 1519. Anali ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi aŵiri okha. kutchuka wojambula wake wotchuka kale kufalitsa ku Ulaya. Komabe, pali mbali ina ya moyo wake yemwe anali kudziwika kwa anthu. anthu ochepa anadziwa kuti chidwi mu thunthu Leonardo da Vinci a. kafukufuku umenewu pafupifupi palibe amene sanadziwe.

Ngakhale m'madera ozungulira atangochimwa thunthu Leonardo da Vinci panthawiyo sanali kukumana ndi chidwi moyenera ndi kumvetsa. Zimenezi mpaka mapeto a chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi - oyambirira makumi awiri zaka zambiri. Inali nthawi imeneyi ndipo ankaphunzira kutsegula kwa thunthu Leonardo da Vinci a. Pokhapokha asayansi anachita kusanthula mozama ntchito ya sayansi, kuwunikira zikwi masamba za mbiri ya wojambula lalikulu la Kubadwa Kwatsopano, zinadziwika kuti ntchito ya sayansi n'kofunika kwambiri kuposa luso.

tsamba Unknown moyo wa Leonardo da Vinci

Kaswili, Optics, nthaka, zomera, mphamvu madzimadzi, etc. - .. sayansi izi zonse amatanganidwa moyo wake zambiri danga, kutsatira mwina kuti basi penti. Izi mlengi aluso anali mbiri munthu amamuona ngati moyo pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano - chithunzicho, nthawi kuchita sayansi.

Komabe, ambiri thunthu Leonardo da Vinci, monga ena a ntchito ya sayansi, zinali n'kofunika kuposa pachithunzipa. The zaka khumi otsiriza iye sanayambitse kulemba zithunzi zina zatsopano. Kuyambira 1508 mpaka 1513 wojambula makamaka anadzipereka kuti sayansi, apo kubwerera kwa zojambula amene anayambitsa m'zaka za m'mbuyomo.

sayansi ambiri zina

Za kafukufuku zonse za sayansi pa nthawi imeneyi anatenga Leonardo da Vinci kaswili. Kwa zaka zingapo, iye anayesetsa kwambiri ndi mitembo, mwaukhondo kuvumbula kuwathandiza kumvetsa enieni kwambiri kwa anthu tilili kuthupi.

Ali talente chapadera cha wojambula ndi kulemba limaonetseratu kalembedwe Leonardo da Vinci m'munda wa thunthu anakhoza kulenga munthu yangwiro kwambiri kwa nthawi kafukufuku. Iye ngakhale kale anakonza ntchito buku, koma analibe nthawi muika cholinga chake. Ngati buku lake linasindikizidwa kuphunzira za m'malamulo a thupi la munthu kuti mwatsatane zotsogola, anali chopereka chachikulu chotero kuti chitukuko cha thunthu Leonardo da Vinci. Mwatsoka, pambuyo pa imfa yake, onse analengedwa ndi ichi zolemba munthuyu ndiponso zina zachidule pakati zikalata wake anali zaka zinayi chobisika kwa dziko.

ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana

Kufikira tsopano, matalente ambiri za munthu uyu, wamphamvu luso, kukhala chinsinsi kwa ife. M'zaka za unyamata wake anakhala mu Florence, ntchito monga kuphunzira za mmodzi wa ojambula zithunzi wotchuka Italy - Andrea del Verrocchio. Leonardo ankalimbikitsa ndi Medici banja. Pafupi ndi malo a ntchito anali wina luso msonkhano - ". Nkhondo maliseche" ndi maestro Antonio del Pollaiolo, woyambitsa chosema ndi Pollaiuolo anali mmodzi wa amisiri loyamba la Kubadwa Kwatsopano, amene chinkhoswe mu chipinda kugaŵa, kwambiri kuphunzira anthu akulu dongosolo. Mbiri amakhulupirira kuti the web woyamba ndi mfundo zitsulo ana Leonardo da Vinci.

A njira yatsopano kapangidwe thupi la umunthu

Kaswili wa ojambula zithunzi za Kubadwa Kwatsopano chinaoneka kuti azitithandiza kuti timamvetsa bwino za thupi. Ndicho chifukwa iwo kumvetsera kwambiri yekha dongosolo akulu. Komabe, iwo afufuza, motsutsana ndi Leonardo da Vinci kaswili mwachidule ngati chipangizo ziwalo ndi pafupifupi chidwi. Amadziwika kuti Pollaiuolo panokha opangidwa autopsies. Komabe, nayenso anali kwambiri ndi mmene thunthu minofu, koma chifukwa chifuwa, chigaza ndi pamimba iwo sanali kukhudzidwa.

The chidwi koyamba

Ngati pachiyambi penipeni pa ntchito ya sayansi, ndipo Leonardo da Vinci anachita komanso Pollaiolo, zaka zotsatira, pang'ono ndi pang'ono anayamba kuganizira tilili kuthupi la munthu, osati monga enaake kuti kupenta mumaikonda kapena chosema.

Nthawi zambiri, moyo wa wojambula wamkulu uyu chimakwirira basi thunthu ambiri. Olemba mbiri yake yoyamba pamanja amatchula 1484-TH, ndi wotsiriza - mu 1515. Mwina mu Florence, Leonardo yoyamba ulendo chipinda kugaŵa, anayamba kuchita autopsies. Choyamba anapanga mu chipatala cha Santa Maria Nova. Apa kuphunzira dongosolo minofu nawo anthu ndi ambiri ojambula zithunzi zina Florence monga Michelangelo.

othandiza yaikulu kalozera watumikira ntchito sayansi Mondino de A Lucchi, amene analipo kalekale Leonardo da Vinci - "kaswili". Man anatsegula njira wake kumibadwo yambiri osati madokotala, pathologists, komanso ojambula zithunzi, ndipo mu nyengo yotentha ya Italy, ndondomeko izi zinachitikadi mu masiku pang'ono.

Iye akhapidziwa kuti tsiku loyamba n'kofunika kutsegula m'mimba, ndiye - pachifuwa, lachitatu - mtima, ndipo lachinayi - nthambi. phunziro anayamba ndi mutu odulidwa khungu, kutsegula zina achigaza linapangidwa, kenako ubongo anali kuphunzira, ndipo kenako - m'munsi a Chigaza lapansi. Mu nthawi imeneyi ya Leonardo anapanga koyamba anatomical chojambula zojambula wake zigawo mtanda wa miyendo. Kudziwa zambiri zokhudza autopsy ndi, Leonardo anakhulupirira kuzipenya wake monga maziko kuphunzira anthu dongosolo thupi.

Kujambulitsa "openga" namatetule

Popeza pafupifupi ntchito za Leonardo - ndi tsikulo, ndiye kujambula iwo anali achilendo. Likuimira ngati kukambirana kuti wolemba kuchitidwa munthu amene tikungoganiza ndi kumene kuteteza maganizo ake, chifukwa prima facie choncho. Komanso, amatitsogolera Mipukutu ya Leonardo yekha, komanso mikangano akhoza zogwirizana mwachindunji ndi nzeru za.

Iye anali ndi chidwi ndi mtima, dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa, mafupa ndi minofu. Leonardo yoyamba anatha molondola ndi n'zosadabwitsa molondola jambulani mosiyanasiyana ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, chiwerengero cha zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse za dongosolo chigoba cha munthuyo. Onse isanafike chithunzichi mafupa, monga ulamuliro, zinali pokhapo titachitapo chojambula kapena wosazindikira kwambiri.

Only pa maziko a luso lanu

Leonardo anapereka kwambiri phindu zinachitikira, chifukwa pafupifupi ana onse paokha. Iye ndi kuwerenga buku, ndiye kufufuzidwa chiphunzitso wake kuwatsatira. Izi mlengi luso ankakhulupirira kuti zonse ayenera analenga "pamaziko a zinachitikira." Mu zinthu zonse, zimene ankaona ndi Leonardo da Vinci - wasayansi, thunthu ndiyofunikila. Pankhaniyi kulikonse m'mabuku ake agona kufufuza umodzi yankho. Leonardo, yemwe ankakhulupirira kuti choonadi angapezeke, motsogozedwa ndi mfundo kapena sayansi kuzipenya chabe m'gulu kuwazindikira "zongopeka" zongoganizira. Choncho, chifukwa cha kafukufuku, kuphatikizapo kapangidwe ka nzeru za anthu, iye anaika chotero sayansi achikhazikitso, ngati masamu.

Zolakwa ndi zolakwika

The kupenta wotchuka ndi Leonardo da Vinci, imene thunthu anthu akufotokozedwa, malinga ndi asayansi, ndi amazipanga zolondola, koma ndi chapadera zokhudzana ndi ziwalo zoberekera wamkazi. Koma zimenezi n'zomveka, kuyambira akazi aipitsidwa mitembo anali mabvuto pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Ngakhale kuti chithunzicho Italy anaphunzira thunthu yekha kuti kusintha zina zithunzi zawo, zomwe zinasonyeza matupi a anthu, anatha Atchule kwambiri kuti chilango chimenechi.

A namatetule m'zonse Leonardo anayesa kumvetsetsa mmene "ntchito" limagwirira anthu. Malinga ndi asayansi, iye anayang'ana pa anthu momuzungulira monga makaniko akuona galimoto. mfundo ndi yakuti ndi losonyeza umunthu ndi chithunzi wake kapena chosema, wojambula anafuna kukhala ndithu kwambiri, chifukwa ndi zimene amulola kuti osati zimathandizadi kwambiri, koma ambiri - mlengi wa yapadera, wosaiwalika.

kaswili zina zachidule

Izi wojambula Florence si monga kukonza ndondomeko ya ziwalo anthu kapena magulu minofu, komanso anawaonetsa kuti zina zachidule wake mu chigawo. Pankhaniyi, aliyense chithunzi limodzi ndi chofuna kudziwa kulembamo. Ndipo onetsetsani kuti Leonardo otzerkalival iwo monga wogwidwa ndi njira imeneyi ku ungwiro. Ndi otsiriza, ndipo anawonjezera Kuvuta kwa phunziro, limapangitsa asayansi ntchito, umafunika kuphunzira cholowa sayansi da Vinci. Lero, patatha zaka zinayi, zolemba zake zonse ndipo zithunzi mosamala digitized n'kupereka pagulu. Akuyang'ana pa iwo, tinganene kuti kupambana kwa thunthu Leonardo da Vinci ndi yaikulu, chifukwa iye anali wokhoza bwino tione thupi laumunthu mu nthawi yake.

Pankhaniyi, munthu wina, koma maso okha, chithunzicho ndi wasayansi ali odzipereka kwambiri kwa waona komanso zolemba bwanji mtima. Komabe, iye anakana lingaliro galenovskoe kuti ku thupi ili anayambitsa mitsempha. Komanso, Leonardo da Vinci anali mdani wa chiphunzitso chakuti ventricles awiri, M'pake kukhulupirira kuti kuli nthambi ya anawagawa m'magulu mtima. Izo ziyenera ananena kuti Master Sankadziŵa pang'ono m'thupi, pochititsa kafukufuku.

Kufunika chopereka

Izi namatetule Florence imatengedwa tate wa sayansi otchedwa zazikulu thunthu. Pambuyo Galen, kwa zaka khumi ndi zitatu, pafupifupi palibe phunziro la pa kapangidwe thupi, sanali, ndi chifukwa ntchito zake ankatengedwa mbalume. The kuonerera loyamba anatomical da Vinci m'chilengedwe pafupi ntchito za Avicenna, pamene yotsirizira - Vesalius.

Ndi akukonza wake, Grand Master anayambitsa zonse zatsopano kuphunzira ziwalo. Ndi iwo amene anatulukira chitsanzo galasi akuphunzira mavavu mtima. wojambula anayamba kupanga mabala fupa mafupa ndi pansi, motero liwulo kufanana kwake. Athandiza kuti Leonardo da Vinci mu thunthu sangathe kukambapo. Zinali iye amene anali mlembi zithunzi woyamba Matupi ambiri a anthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Zojambula wake anaitana dimonstrazioni.

zikayenda

Leonardo yoyamba mu mbiri ya thunthu sayansi adati sacrum anthu si wapangidwa atatu ndi vertebrae zisanu, iye anatha molondola pofotokoza ngodya zake za ndingaliro ya sacrum lapansi. Iwo anali woyamba kuonedwa ndi awa mbali anatomical wa thupi, monga pamalo otsetsereka a zokhotakhota kapena m'mbali kuti ndi zofunika kwambiri kumvetsa limagwirira kupuma ndi m'chiuno ndingaliro.

Kuti Leonardo anatha molondola amati phazi lathu, pali makumi awiri zisanu dayisi, pamene iye sadali owopa kupita kukumana ndi ntchito za Avicenna ndi Galen, amene ankakhulupirira kuti awo twente-sikisi. chithunzicho anatha molondola jambulani woyamba ndi pamalo olowa. Komanso, Leonardo anali wokhoza kufotokoza zinthu zingapo zochititsa anatomical a mafupa a anthu, amagwirizana ndi ayende maulendo athu bipedal: Mwachitsanzo, oblique udindo wa femur poyerekezera ndi choimirira.

mipukutu wake anatomical, ndiwo mawu, zaka mazana ambiri akhala akatswiri. Ndipo ngakhale lero ena a iwo ndi sayansi amatsimikizira ndi refutes ena, monga chiphunzitso chakuti chotheka za magazi Komabe, ngakhale zolakwika zina mu maphunziro, n'zovuta Musaone chopereka Leonardo da Vinci mu thunthu ndi sayansi.

Mgwirizano wa moyo

Ndiyamika thunthu ndi mankhwala Leonardo da Vinci masiku ano analowa kutali mtsogolo. Komabe, iye ali ndi maganizo ofooketsa kwa madokotala. Iye ndi munthu wa chapadera, chithunzicho ndi wasayansi palibe amene waona kulephera kwa madokotala ndi umbuli wa masiku amenewo.

Lero, zina zachidule zake ndi chuma cha British Royal Collection - British Royal deta. Modern thunthu, Kukhazikika mukukonzeratu mozungulira njira zatsopano kulingalira monga kulingalira maginito malumikizidwe, kapena kuphunzira dongosolo anthu pa mlingo tosaoneka ndi maso, Ndithudi, anthu anadumpha patsogolo. okwera amenewa analibe Leonardo, koma Florence ojambula zithunzi akadali anakwanitsa kuchita zimenezo zimene asayansi ali patangotha zaka zingapo zitatha.

Mwachitsanzo, zina zachidule wake, chosonyeza mazira anthu, ndi pafupi kwathunthu ndi zimene lero zikusonyeza ultrasound fano ndi phewa anapanga da Vinci, zikuwoneka pafupi zofanana masiku ano atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena zowonera awo.

Zambiri zimene anachita ndi Leonardo, motsimikiza amasonyeza akamanena za zinthu monga zinali ndi zaka zambiri pambuyo inayambitsa lalikulu Florence zojambula za Kubadwa Kwatsopano.