Mark Katon Mkulu: moyo ndi ntchito. A lonena za ulimi

Wandale ndi wolemba Cato Wamkulu (Mkulu anamutcha ana, osati kusokonezedwa ndi chidzukulutuvi) anabadwira ku 234 BC. e. Iye anali nzika ya mzinda wa Tusculum, pamtunda wa makilomita angapo ku Rome, ndi a banja plebeian.

Ntchito yausilikali

Cato adzakhala ndi moyo kulima ngati anali atayamba mu 218 BC. e. Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo. Ngakhale Rome kupikisana ndi Carthage, amene mkulu Hannibal pa kampeni kufika litalanda Italy. Chifukwa cha mavuto a asilikali ndi mabwalo a umatchedwa ngakhale wamng'ono kwambiri Cato Wamkulu. Iye Pasanapite zodabwitsa asilikali Tribune. Zaka zingapo mnyamata anakagwira Sicily. bwana wake linali wotchuka ambiri Mark Klavdy Marcellus.

Mu 209 BC. e. Cato Wamkulu anayamba utumiki wa mkulu wa asilikali Quintus Fabius Maksimu Kunktatoru. Kenako iye m'khamu Gaya Klavdiya Nero mabungwe ake anatenga gawo mu nkhondo ya Metavre ku Northern Italy. Mu nkhondo imeneyi, Aroma mosazengereza anagonjetsa mng'ono wa Hannibal Gadrubala. Long ntchito yochotsa Carthage analola luso Marcus Cato kukwaniritsa kuzindikira ngakhale chiyambi chake otsika-anabadwa. "Anthu Chatsopano" Mu Roma, yokha ngati otchedwa.

Pa Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo, Cato anapanga zambiri zothandiza kwa chibwenzi ntchito m'tsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, iye anayamba kucheza ndi Lucius Valeriem Flakkom, amene anadzakhala Praetor la Republic. Chinthu chinanso kuwuka kwa Mark imfa ya ambiri olemekezeka Roma panthawi ya nkhondo. moyo makamaka zambiri oimira otchuka anatenga nkhondo ya Cannae, imene Cato kutenga nawo mbali pa chimwemwe chawo, osati nthawi.

204 BC. e. Mark anakhala chitembenukiro. Mu chikumbutso wake wa zaka 30, anaikidwa mkulu wa quaestor Popliyo Scipio, amene walanda gulu la Chiroma nkhondo ya Africa North, ndilo mtima wa mphamvu Carthaginian, ndipo dzina la African. asilikali anali kuwoloka Mediterranean ku Sicily. Pa yokonza ntchito kuipidwa Scipio anakangana ndi wachiwiri wake. Malinga ndi buku lina la mbiri yakale akale, Cato Wamkulu, mlandu wolamulira wa ubale zosafunikira kuti gulu la ndegeyo lapansi. mtsogoleri ananena pomwepo ataye nthawi wake m'mabwalo ndi amwazamwaza odzipereka mosungiramo ndalama. Mu buku lina la zimayambitsa mikangano anali mwakuya ndi mkangano Scipio ndi Cato Flaccus ogula. mwanjira ina, koma mapeto lonse Kwachiwiri Punic nkhondo quaestor unachitikira ku Sardinia. kulondola kwa Sizikudziwika ngati iye anali akadali mu Africa ndipo kaya kuti alandire nawo nkhondo ya Zama. Maganizo a olemba wakale pa nkhani mogwirizana.

Chiyambi cha ntchito zake zandale

Mu 202 BC. e. mapeto a Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo. Mu zaka zambiri nkhondo , ndi Republic Roma akadali anagonjetsa Carthage nakhala hegemonic kumadzulo Nyanja Mediterranean. odana African anapitiriza ufulu, koma ndithu wofooka. Ndi isanayambike World Mark Katon Mkulu anasamukira ku likulu. Anayamba ntchito anthu andale. Mu 199 BC. e. amachokera ku mtundu wa aedile plebeian anaikidwa, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi - Pretoria.

Latsopano okha udindo wa Cato Wamkulu anasamukira ku Sardinia, pamene kazembe ananyamula chipangizo cha utsogoleli latsopano. Praetor pa chilumba wotchuka chifukwa chitakonzedwa izo wa wobwereketsayo. Kapitawo anadabwa nzika wamba, kukana kukhulupirira retinue wake ndi ngolo. khalidwe lake zachilendo maphunziro, anasonyeza Frugality wake ndalama pagulu (khalidwe Cato anapitiriza mpaka imfa yake).

kazembe

Chifukwa cha maonekedwe chidwi anthu ndi zochitika mu ndondomeko Sardinia wakhala phindu lalikulu mu likulu. Mu 195 BC. e. Cato Mkulu wa anasankhidwa Kazembe. Mu Republic, udindo uwu imatengedwa wapamwamba lonse la makwerero malamulo. Miyambo ndi nthumwi ziwiri anasankhidwa kuti mawu a chaka chimodzi. Mnzanga Cato anali woyang'anira wake wakhala nthawi yaitali Lucius Valeriy Flakk.

Kukhala kazembe, Mark anapita ku Spain, kumene kugalukira kunabuka Iberians omwe anali osakhutira ndi Aroma. The Senate anapambana Cato 15000th asilikali ndi zombo zazing'ono. Ndi mphamvu zimenezi Kazembe atalanda Iberia. Kulankhula opandukawo posachedwa anali kuletsedwa. Koma zochita Cato chikwiyire anachita wosanganiza ku Roma. likulu atamva mphekesera za nkhanza chake chopanda malire, zomwe zinkachititsa ndi Iberians anali kukula kwambiri. Cato anali wotsutsa waukulu Scipio Africanus, amene anatumikirapo monga quaestor. Mu 194 BC. e. fuko lomveka Izi anasankhidwa ngati kazembe lotsatira. Iye anapempha kuti Senate kubwerezanso Cato ku Spain, koma senators anakana kusiya ntchitoyi. Komanso, iwo asiya mkulu wa asilikali amene anabwerera nthawi likulu la chikhalidwe cha kupambana chionetsero, amene akuimira chopereka lake lalikulu kwa dziko.

The nkhondo Selukeya ndi

A vuto latsopano kwa Cato Wamkulu anali nkhondo Suriya (192-188 gg. BC. E.). Mosiyana ndi dzina lake, izo zinali mu Greece ndi Asia Minor, kumene asilikali atalanda boma Selukeya analengedwa ndi Amlowam'malo Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Amene anagonjetsa Carthage Republic Aroma tsopano anayang'anitsitsa pa kum'mawa Mediterranean ndipo sangalore kulimbitsa mpikisano ake mwachindunji.

Mark Katon Mkulu anapita kunkhondo ngati Tribune asilikali motsogozedwa Monkitsa Glabrio, ndiye kazembe. M'malo mwa bwana wake, anapita mmizinda Greek. Mu 191 BC. e. Cato anatenga gawo mu Nkhondo ya Thermopylae, imene wotanganidwa ro ifeyo kuposa anapanga zopereka mwachamuna kugonjetsedwa kwa Aselukasi ndi anzawo a Aetolians. Mark panokha anapita ku Rome kuti kudziŵitsa Senate za kupambana yaitali a asilikali.

Wotsutsa makhalidwe chikhalidwe

Re-yothetsa ku likulu, Cato Wamkulu anakhala wokamba kawirikawiri pa Forum ndi, makhoti ndi Senate. Cholinga chachikulu cha mawu ake onse anali wunika otchuka a apamwamba Roma. Childs, "anthu latsopano" choyamba mu banja lake adzauka ku ofesi yaikulu ya onse, anayesa kuphatikiza ndi oimira amazikonda anthu otchuka. Cato zinthu zosiyana. Iye nthawi zonse amabwera zosemphana ndi amazikonda anthu otchuka. Monga akuvutika ndondomeko mu malo oyamba kusankhidwa adani a anzawo Flaccus. Komano, iye anakanitsitsa achifumu onse, chifukwa, mu maganizo ake, akumenya apamwamba kwambiri.

Mothandizidwa apamwamba uyu pang'onopang'ono chiphunzitso cha Cato Wamkulu, kenako anayamba chithunzi anthu mu masamba a mabuku ake. Chikondi cha chisiliro ankaona wonyansa luso anavutika ndi miyambo moyo modzichepetsa makolo. Iye anachenjeza anthu a m'nthawi yake kuti chifukwa cha chikondi cha chuma adzatsatira Misa manyazi, zachabechabe, kudzikuza, mwano ndi nkhanza zoopsa chifukwa lonse la anthu Roma. Cato anaitana ophunzira odzikonda, kuteteza zofuna zake, pamene ulemerero kale makolo ntchito makamaka phindu anthu.

Chimodzi mwa zifukwa kufala makhalidwe otchedwa wandale kukopa alendo. Cato anali antiellinistom zogwirizana. Iyeyu anadzudzula onse Greek, ndipo chotero, Kuikiradi a chikhalidwe wofala ku Rome (Pakati inali yofanana African Scipio). malingaliro ndiwofatsa Cato posachedwa muli dzina la chiphunzitso makhalidwe kuwonongeka. Sitingathe kunena kuti wandale uyu anatulukira izo, koma iye amene anayambitsa chiphunzitso ichi ndi kulipanga kwathunthu anamaliza. Komanso, Mark ellinofilov mlandu, anali mbali ya utsogoleri lankhondo la dziko, mu kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kusowa kwa thandizo kuti ku usilikali.

wolankhulira ndiwofatsa

Monga womenya odziwika bwino chiyero cha makhalidwe Cato anapita kangapo kwa Greece, kumene anamenyana ndi m'dera achikunja mipatuko. Yotchuka kwambiri m'dera amenewa anali otsatira a Bakasi, amene analimbikitsa ndi chisembwere, chinyengo ndi kuledzera. Cato relentlessly anathamangitsa mumaganiza izi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pamene Greece, iye sanaiwale za ntchito zake zandale. Popeza asilikali nawo zamtendere ndi wotsimikizika Aetolians.

Koma malingaliro andale ndi chuma Cato Mkulu wa kunadetsa lopuwala pamaso maganizo lobbying wake ndiwofatsa. Njira yabwino kwambiri kusonkhezera anthu m'njira imeneyi kungakhale mu udindo wa m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu a. Cato anayesa kuti kusankhidwa ofesi mkulu mu 189 BC. e., koma ulendo woyamba anabadwa chimauma. Mosiyana ndi akuluakulu ena censors anasintha zambiri osati kamodzi pachaka, ndipo kamodzi pa zaka zisanu. Choncho, chotsatira mwayi mfundo anali kokha mu 184 BC. e. Cato Wamkulu kale anakhazikitsa lokha monga ndiwofatsa kwakukulu. khama ena malo anali osiyana lililonse limatisokoneza apamwamba. Koma Cato kunena kuti: ananena kuti anthu Roma anali kudziŵa lalikulu kugwedeza mmwamba a m'midzi.

The mpikisano waukulu wa kazembe kale anali m'bale wake wa Lucius Scipio Africanus. Mark anaganiza kuti aukire mdani wa, ukulimbana ndi wachibale kwambiri wotchuka. Madzulo a kusankha, anakopa Quintus Neviya, anali Tribune, Scipio mlandu woukira boma. Akamanena zonena zake zinali zakuti mkulu ankati chifukwa ziphuphu walola kulemba pangano mtendere ndi Antiochus zofewa la Syria, kuti kuvulala zofuna mayiko wa Republic.

Tsenzorstvo

mchitidwe Public Cato Mkulu anali opambana. m'bale Scipio linagonjetsedwa. Othana ku plebeians anayamba Cato, ndi bwenzi lake Lucius Flaccus anatenga malo ofanana pa patricians lapansi. Zimenezi anapatsa mphamvu angapo wapadera. Censors anatsatira ulemu woika ndalama pa revenues anthu awa polandirira msonkho ndi ntchito, kuyang'anira ntchito yokonza ndiponso kumanga nyumba zazikulu ndi misewu.

Cato Wamkulu, amene zaka za moyo (234-149 gg. BC. E.) unagwa pa zofunikira pa chitukuko cha chilamulo nyengo Roma, chinapambana pa chisankho, ndi kumbuyo dongosolo kusintha azaumoyo ndi kwa onse a makhalidwe oipa. M'Chibama kwa akuluakulu anayamba kukhazikitsa izo, sadzachitanso ndi nthawi kutenga udindo. "Kusangalala" kwenikweni kuchepetsedwa kwa anamuponya kunja kwa nyumba ya Senate nkhondo ndi Cato andale. Mark anapanga china Flaccus (Valeria) princeps. Kenako anakhala yeniyeni younikanso chomwecho mu chiwerengero cha okwera pa. otsutsa ambiri m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu anali m'gulu la kalasi mwayi wa chilungamo, kuphatikizapo m'bale wake wa Lucius Scipio Africanus. Cato yekha ankamenyana ndi apakavalo kuchokera nthawi ya nkhondo yake Spanish, pamene anali apakavalo wa asilikali kugwirizana ofooka.

Kuchotserapo kuti mamembala a anthu otchuka a mabanja wakale lolemera anayamba mkulu anthu chochitika zosaneneka. Cato Wamkulu amene mbiri ndi chitsanzo cha "munthu watsopano", kuyesa pa maudindo Aroma ambiri, zimene zinachititsa udani wawo undisguised. Kudziletsa, ankayang'anira kalembera ndipo akhoza nkhawa zawo mbadwa mu kalasi katundu. A nambala yaikulu ya anthu olemera a ufumuwo adataya chikhalidwe. Kuwunjikana pa iwo zochita zawo, Cato anayang'ana pa khalidwe la Roma ngati ndalama zake bwino.

Othana ali kwambiri adakula msonkho pa mwanaalirenji ndi akapolo zoweta. Iye anayesetsa kulera revenues boma ndi kuchepetsa ndalama olemekezeka. Kusintha mgwirizanowo anapangana ndi alimi a misonkho, Cato kupulumutsidwa ndalama ndithu ndalama. Ndalama zimenezi ankagwiritsa ntchito kukonzanso mzinda kuchimbudzi, akukumana akasupe mwala ndiponso kumanga tchalitchi yatsopano pa Forum lapansi. Komanso, m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu anali mmodzi wa initiators cha lamulo latsopano chisankho. Malingana ndi mwambo wa Aroma, ofuna kuwina kwa apamwamba positi maphunziro Gala masewera ndi kufalitsa mphatso. Tsopano, mapepala okhala izi adzaponye chisanko kubwera pansi pa malamulo atsopano wosamalitsa. Cato anali adani zambiri moti anali maulendo 44 akuzengedwa mlandu, koma nkhani umodzi, iye sanasiye.

ukalamba

Pambuyo atapita kufufuza ake Cato chinkhoswe pomanga yake zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi ntchito zolembalemba. Chidwi moyo pagulu Komabe, iye sanataye. Ena mwa maonekedwe ake onse ndi kampani nthawi anakumbutsa m'nthawi ya censors zapitazi.

Mu 171 BC. e. Cato membala wa ntchito imene ankafufuza nkhanza za maguluwo m'maiko Spanish. Iye anapita pa zodzudzula makhalidwe oipa ndiponso makhalidwe. Malamulo ambiri ake kufufuza Komabe, zimafika pa moyo wake kwayekha. Cato anapitiriza kundikwiyira antiellinistom. Iye analimbikitsa analeka kulankhula ndi Ahelene, anawalimbikitsa kuti alandire nthumwi.

Mu 152 BC. e. Cato anapita ku Carthage. The ofesi ya kazembe, imene iye anali membala, ayenera kutengedwa malire mkangano ndi Numidia. Atakhala mu Africa, ndi m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu akale amatsimikiza kuti Carthage anayamba kuyesetsa kukhala woima mfundo yachilendo ya Rome. Kuyambira nthawi ya Wachiwiri Punic nkhondo, izo zakhala ndithu nthawi yayitali ndipo mdani nthawi yaitali, ngakhale chosaiwalika ake kugonjetsedwa anakweza mutu wake kachiwiri.

Back mu likulu, Cato anayamba kuitana muno African kuononga mphamvu mpaka atachira pambuyo mavuto yaitali. mawu ake "Carthage ziyenera kuwonongeka" chasanduka okuluwika lonse, amene ntchito mawu lero. Asilikali achiroma modutsa wapanga yake. Chachitatu Punic nkhondo inayamba mu 149 BC. e. m'chaka chomwecho, anafa zaka Cato 85 wazaka, amene anafa asanaone nthawi yaitali kugonjetsedwa kwa Carthage.

"Pakuti mwana wa Mark"

Mu unyamata wake Cato m'nthawi kuti anali mtsogoleri wanzeru asilikali. Mu akula adalowa ndale. Pomaliza, pafupi ndi ukalamba, iye anayamba kulemba bukhu. Analingalira maganizo pedagogical wa Cato Wamkulu, yemwe anafuna kufotokoza m'nthawi ya kupewa kuchepa kwa makhalidwe, osati kokha kudzera kwa anthu, komanso kudzera mwa mabuku.

Mu 192 BC. e. mwana Mark anabadwa ndale. Cato anali akukhudzidwa polera mwana. Pamene iye anakulira, bambo ake anaganiza kulemba "Buku" iye (amatchedwanso "Kuti mwana wa Mark") anatipatsa nzeru zake za m'dzikoli ndi mbiri ya Rome. Icho chinali choyamba zolembalemba zinachitikira Cato Wamkulu. akatswiri a masiku ano amakhulupirira "Buku" oyambirira Roma buku lomwe mfundo zokhudza apamwamba, mankhwala ndi ulimi.

"Pa ulimi"

Kaundula, amene anasiya Cato Wamkulu - "Pa ulimi" (limatanthauzidwanso ngati "Pa ulimi" kapena "Agriculture). Lidalembedwa m'ma 160 BC. e. ntchito ndi buku la malangizo 162 ndi malangizo zaku mudzi akumidzi. Mu Rome anaitanidwa latifundia. wotchuka lalikulu la otchuka anali malo kulima mbewu, vinyo ndi kupanga mafuta. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito ngati kapolo.

Kuti ntchito yofanana analangiza Cato Wamkulu? The lonena "Pa ulimi" zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri structural. Choyamba mosamala analemba, koma lachiwiri osiyana wachisokonezo unsembe. Iwo anasakaniza malangizo a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala kuti maphikidwe. Mbali yoyamba, Komano, ali ngati buku analemba mwadongosolo.

Popeza bukuli lapangidwira kwa anthu akumidzi, alibe ndizosowa kwambiri, ndi kutchulidwa ndi malangizo m'malo enieni, woyambitsa amene anali Cato Wamkulu. Economic lingaliro la ntchito yake mu kusanja profitability a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya minda. Kopindulitsa kwambiri ankapitabe wolemba ankaona mpesa, kenako minda yothiriridwa masamba ndi zina zotero. D. Pa nthawi yomweyo anatsindika profitability otsika mbewu, mwatsatanetsatane mu ntchito yake anasiya Cato Wamkulu. Quotes kwa bukuli ndiye kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olemba ena akale ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Today lonena imatengedwa wapadera zolembalemba chipilala cha Kale, kuyambira n'kwabwino kuposa lina lililonse limafotokoza moyo wakumudzi wa dziko wakale wa II m'ma BC. e.

"Zochitika"

"Zochitika" - ntchito ina yofunika, lomwe linalembedwa ndi Cato Wamkulu. "Pa ulimi" amadziwika mokulirapo chifukwa chakuti bukuli anakhalabe mu mawonekedwe zonse. "Zochitika" ndi zomwe zilipo kokha mu mawonekedwe a zotsala anabalalika. Iwo anali semitomnik wodzipereka kwa mbiri ya Rome kuchokera pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mzinda kwa II m'ma BC. e.

Cato Wamkulu, chiphunzitso cha bungwe a m'bukuli omwe anali wotsogola, anayambitsa kalembedwe anapanga otchuka mu otsiriza malangizo kafukufuku. Choyamba anasiya mitundu ndakatulo ndi kupita prose. Komanso, akalambula ake analemba mbiri mu Greek, pamene Cato ntchito yokhayo Latin.

Bukhu ndi wolemba Ichi ndi chosiyana kuchokera ntchito za m'mbuyomu kuti sanali wouma ndi amafotokoza mfundo zimenezi ndi kuyesa kuphunzira. Zonsezi zikusonyeza malamulo ano mabuku sayansi anayambitsa anali Cato Wamkulu. Photographically wogonjetsa mwambowu, iye anapereka ziyenera awo a owerenga kudalira chiphunzitso chake ankakonda kugwa kwa mores Roma cha anthu.