Banja m'mayiko-European chinenero: chiyambi kungoganizira

Akatswiri kuphunzira chiyambi cha ichi kapena chinenero chimene chimathandiza kuweruza digiri zimakhalira amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Sangathe kuderera Pofunafuna ichi, chifukwa nthawizina mu njira ya kusanthula ndi kuwulula zinsinsi zobisika za anthu, zomwe ndi zofunika kwambiri. Komanso, chifukwa cha kufufuza za chiyambi cha zinenero dziko ndi umboni kusonyeza kuti onse pothandiza anthu kutenga chiyambi kuyambira pa chiyambi wina. Pali Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana za magwero a makamaka gulu la chinenero. Taganizirani zimene mizu ya banja chinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya.

Kodi m'gulu lingaliro ili?

Banja m'mayiko a European m'zinenero zatsimikizira akatswiri zinenero pamaziko a kufanana kwambiri mfundo kufanana, kutsimikiziridwa ndi njira poyerekeza mbiri. Amaphatikiza 200 amoyo ndi njira akufa kulankhulana. Izi banja chinenero ankaimira onyamula, chiwerengero cha amene alumphe mfundo biliyoni 2.5. Komabe, malankhulidwe awo si kuchuluka kwa State, izo imafalira pa dziko lonse lapansi.

Mawu akuti "m'mayiko a ku Ulaya banja la zilankhulo" unayamba mu 1813, mmodzi wa anthu otchuka wasayansi British Thomas Young. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti sayansi British ndi oyamba kumvetsa mawu akuti Aigupto ndi dzina la Cleopatra.

Malingaliro ponena za mmene

Chifukwa chakuti banja chinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya ankaona zotchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi, asayansi ambiri akudabwa za kumene mizu kutenga izo amathandiza. Pali ziphunzitso zambiri za chiyambi cha dongosolo chinenero, mwachidule sipangakhalenso ankaimira motere:

1. Anatolia kungoganizira. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa Mabaibulo woyamba wa magwero a proto chinenero, ndi wamba oimira makolo a gulu m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. English ake zapamwamba katswiriyo Colin Renfrew. Iye anandiuza kuti adzabadwira m'banja la zilankhulo ndi mbali imene ndi kuthetsa Turkey wa Çatalhöyük (Anatolia) tsopano. The amanena zinali zochokera asayansi apezedwa izi, komanso ntchito zake pa kuwunika ntchito zatsopano radiocarbon. Kutsatira za chiyambi Anatolia imatengedwa kuti wina wasayansi British Barri Kanliff, amadziwika ntchito yake Anthropology ndi zinthu zofukulidwa.

2. Kurgan kungoganizira. Izi Baibulo anapereka Marija Gimbutas, yemwe anali wa kanjedza otchuka m'munda wa maphunziro chikhalidwe Anthropology. Mu 1956, mu zolemba zake, akuti kuti banja chinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya anayambitsa wamakono Russia ndi Ukraine. Version inachokera pa mfundo yakuti pa nthawi imeneyo kunali chikhalidwe cha chitunda mtundu ndi Yamna, ndipo zigawo ziwiri izi pang'onopang'ono anafalikira m'dziko zambiri Europe ndi ku Asia.

3. Balkan kungoganizira. Malinga amanena, akukhulupirira kuti makolo a m'mayiko a ku Ulaya anakhala mu kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Ulaya watsopano. chikhalidwe uwu unachokera mu m'dera la Balkan Peninsula komanso ya chuma ndi wauzimu wolengedwa mu nthawi Neolithic. Asayansi atapereka Baibulo limeneri lagona chiweruzo pa mfundo zinenero zosiyanasiyana, monga mmene "malo yokoka" (ie, malo kapena gwero) chinenero imafalira m'dera limene pali zosiyanasiyana chachikulu cha njira zolankhulirana.

M'mayiko a European gulu chinenero banja monga ambiri njira zamakono zolankhulirana. Asayansi Research ndi akatswiri a zinenero kukangana commonality chikhalidwe, komanso kuti anthu onse okhudzana ndi mzake. Ndipo Chofunika, kodi siyenera ndi kokha Pankhaniyi n'zotheka kupewa kudana ndi kusamvetsetsa pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.