Ekaterina 2: yonena za Mfumukazi. History of Russia

Yovutayi munthu 2 anali Catherine Wamkulu - Russian Mfumukazi ya chiyambi German. Nkhani kwambiri ndi mafilimu, iye akuonetsedwa ngati wokonda mipira bwalo mwanaalirenji ndi zimbudzi, komanso okondedwa ambiri, amene kamodzi anali ogwirizana kwambiri.

Mwatsoka, anthu ochepa chabe amene akudziwa kuti iye anali wanzeru kwambiri, wowala ndi luso lolinganiza. Ndipo ndi mfundo yosatsutsika yakuti, monga kusintha kwa ndale zimene zinachitika mu zaka za ulamuliro wake, a absolutism otsalira. Komanso kusintha ambiri azachuma, ndale komanso moyo wa dziko, ndi umboni winanso wa eccentricity wa umunthu wake.

magwero

Ekaterina 2, yonena zomwe zinali zodabwitsa ndi zachilendo anabadwa pa 2 May (21 April) 1729 mu Stettin, Germany. dzina lake chodzaza - Sophia Augusta Frederica, Mfumukazi ya Anhalt-Zerbst. Makolo ake anali Prince Mkhristu August wa Anhalt-Zerbst wofanana naye ndi mutu wa Johann Elizaveta Golshteyn-Gottorp, amene anali pa ubwenzi ndi nyumba yachifumu monga English, Swedish ndi Prussian.

Mfumukazi tsogolo la Russia, analandila maphunziko kunyumba. Chimakaniza zamulungu, nyimbo, kuvina, ndizosowa malo ndi mbiri, komanso, kuwonjezera German kwawo, iye ankadziwa bwino, ndi French. Kale ana aang'ono iye anasonyeza khalidwe lake palokha, khama ndi chidwi, anakonda kukhala ndi masewera panja.

ukwati

Mu 1744, Mfumukazi Elizaveta Petrovna anapempha kalonga wa Anhalt-Zerbst, pamodzi ndi mayi ake kuti Russia. Apa Woman christened mu mwambo Orthodox ndi anadziwika monga Ekaterinoy Alekseevnoy. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo iye analandira udindo boma la Mkwatibwi wa Prince Peter Fedorovich, tsogolo Mfumu Peter 3.

Kotero chidwi nkhani ya Catherine 2 Russia anayamba ndi ukwati wawo, umene unachitikira pa August 21, 1745. Zitachitika izi, anapata mutu wa Grand Duchess. Monga ziri zodziwika bwino, ukwati wake wokhu- kuyambira pachiyambi. mwamuna wake Peter anali pa nthawi imeneyo akadali mwana wamng'ono munthu amene ankaimba ndi asilikali, m'malo kuthera nthawi yawo mu bungwe la mkazi wake. Choncho, Mfumukazi tsogolo anakakamizika kuchereza yekha: iye kuwerenga nthawi yaitali, komanso kuyambitsa zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa.

Catherine 2 ana

Ngakhale mkazi wa Petro 3 ankaoneka kwa akazi olemekezeka, yekha wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu sanayambe kobisika, kotero zilakolako zake zachikondi sindinkadziwa pafupifupi bwalo lonse.

Patatha zaka zisanu, Catherine 2, amene yonena amadziwika, komanso anali odzala ndi chikondi nkhani, anayamba chibwenzi chake choyamba. chosankha mkulu wa asilikali olondera sv Saltykov. September 20, patapita zaka 9 ukwati, anabereka wolowa nyumba. Chochitika ichi chinakhala nkhani ya zokambirana bwalo, amene Komabe, ulipobe, koma mabwalo maphunziro. Akatswiri ena amaganiza ngati awisi anali kwenikweni wokonda Catherine ndipo osati mwamuna wake, Peter. Ena amanena kuti anabadwa kuchokera kwa mwamuna wake. Mulimonse mmene zinakhalira, mayi analibe nthawi kuthana ndi mwanayo, kotero maphunziro ake analanda Elizaveta Petrovna yekha. Posachedwapa, mfumukazi tsogolo anakhalanso ndi pakati n'kubereka Mtsikana wina dzina lake Anna. Mwatsoka, mwana uyu anakhala miyezi 4 yokha.

Pambuyo 1750 Catherine kugwirizana ndi chikondi S. Poniatowski, ndi Polish nthumwi, amene anadzakhala Mfumu Stanisław Augustus. Kumayambiriro 1760 anali ndi G. G. Orlovym, amene anabereka mwana wachitatu - mwana wake Alexis. The mnyamata anapatsidwa dzina Bobrinsky.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti chifukwa cha mphekesera ambiri ndi miseche, komanso khalidwe chiwerewere akazi, ana a Catherine 2 sanazichite maganizo ofunda kwa Peter 3. Munthu kuonekeratu adakayika bambo ake kwachilengedwenso.

Nkosafuna kunena kuti Mfumukazi tsogolo m'gulu anakana onse a atamunamizira zolakwa mkazi wake. Kuthaŵa kuukira Petro 3, Catherine nthawi zambiri ankakonda pochita boudoir ake. Owonongedwa ndi fupa ndi mwamuna wake zinachititsa kuti choti kwambiri anayamba kuopa moyo wake. Ankaopa kuti, anadza kwa mphamvu, Peter 3 ndidzamuweruzira mlandu, choncho anayamba kuyang'ana kwa ogwirizana odalirika m'bwalo.

Inalowa ufumu

Atamwalira Peter 3 State wa malamulo a mayi wake yekha kwa miyezi 6. Kwa nthawi yaitali za iye mbuli ndi wofooka okonda wolamulira ndi malformations angapo. Koma amene anachititsa kuti fano zimenezi? M'zaka zaposachedwapa, olemba mbiri amafuna kuti zimenezi fano unsightly analengedwa ndi Maulendo lolembedwa ndi okonza kulanda boma la - Catherine 2 ndi E. R. Dashkovoy.

chakuti mtima mwamuna pa iye sanali oipa chabe, zinali bwino ankhanza. Choncho, kuwopsyeza zinalimbana kugwirizana kapena ngakhale kumangidwa amayamba ndi chiwembu Peter 3. Konzani anagalukira anamuthandiza Orlov abale, K. Razumovsky, N. I. Panin, E. Dashkova ndi ena. July 9, 1762 3 Peter unagonjetsedwa ndipo anabweretsa zopangira ndi mfumukazi yatsopano - Catherine 2. kutsitsidwa mfumu pasanapite nthawi anatengedwa kuti Ropsha (30 miles ku St. Petersburg). Iye anali limodzi ndi alonda mlonda molamulidwa ndi Alekseya Orlova.

Monga mukudziwa, nkhani ya Catherine 2, makamaka, izo ndinkakhala nalo chiwembu yachifumu, wodzala ndi mikuluwiko, amene chimwemwe maganizo ofufuza ambiri lero. Mwachitsanzo, mpaka tsopano chifukwa chenicheni cha imfa si wokhazikitsidwa Peter 3 pa masiku 8 pambuyo napasula. Malinga ndi Baibulo boma, anamwalira mulu wonse wa matenda oyamba ndi ntchito yaitali mowa.

Mpaka posachedwapa izo adakhulupirira zoti Petro 3 anafa imfa yoipa pa manja a Alekseya Orlova. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi mtundu wa kalata ndi wakupha, adatuma kwa Catherine wa Ropsha. Choyambirira cha chikalata ichi sichinasinthidwe zisungidwe, koma anali kokha buku la ankati anajambula FV Rostopchin. Choncho, umboni mwachindunji kupha mfumu panobe.

mfundo yachilendo

Ine ndiyenera kunena, Catherine Wamkulu 2 magawo ambiri a maganizo a Peter 1 mfundo yakuti Russia m'bwalolo dziko ayenera kutenga udindo waukulu ku madera onse, zikubweretsa nthawi yomweyo mwamakani ndipo ngakhale kuti ena mfundo pati aukali. Umboni wa zimenezi atha kutumikira ngati yopuma pangano la mgwirizano ndi Prussia, anamaliza kale ndi mwamuna wake Peter 3. Iye anapanga kusuntha zikuluzikulu pasanapite nthawi, kamodzi ndinafika ku mpando wachifumu.

Lina Politika Ekateriny 2 inali yoona kuti iye nthawizonse ndayesera kuti timange pa mpando wachifumu wa ankatumikira wake. Ndi kuyamika ake Duke E. I. Biron anabwerera ku mpando wachifumu wa Courland, ndipo mu 1763 ku Poland anayamba kulamulira protégé ake - Stanisław August Poniatowski. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti Austria anayamba kuopa ndi chikoka kwambiri amphamvu a boma kumpoto. mamembala ake nthawi yomweyo anayamba tifulumizane mdani nthaŵi yaitali la Russia - Turkey - kupita ku nkhondo. Ndipo Austria akadali anapanga wake.

Tikhoza kunena kuti Chirasha Turkey nkhondo, zimene inatenga zaka 6 (kuchokera 1768 mpaka 1774), zakhala bwino kwa Russian Ufumu. Ngakhale zili chomwechi, panopa si njira yabwino mmene nkhani zandale m'dziko ali kukakamizidwa Catherine 2 kufunafuna mtendere. Chifukwa, iye anali kubwezeretsa akale mgwirizano ndi Austria. Ndipo kukondera pakati pa maiko awiri chaonekera. wovulalayo wake anali Poland, imodzi ya gawo lawo limene mu 1772 unagawidwa pakati pa mayiko atatu: Russia, Austria ndi Prussia.

Kulumikizana dziko ndi latsopano Russian chiphunzitso

Kusaina Pangano la Kuchuk-Kainarji ndi Turkey anapereka abwino Russian boma ufulu wa Crimea. Mu zaka wotsatira, panali ponso chikoka lachifumu, osati pa chilumba, komanso mu Caucasus. mfundo Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti likhale la Russia mu 1782, Crimea. Posakhalitsa iye walemba Pangano la Georgievsk ndi Kartli-Kakheti tsar Irakli 2, kutanthauza kuti anayenera kupeza asilikali Russian pa gawo Chijojiya. Kenako, mayiko amenewa anali olumikizidwa kwa Russia.

Ekaterina 2, yonena umene analandira chikugwirizana ndi zochitika za dziko, theka lachiwiri la 70s kwa zaka za m'ma 18, pamodzi ndi ndiye boma anayamba kupanga latsopano kwathunthu mfundo yachilendo malo - otchedwa Greek ntchito. Cholinga chachikulu chinali kubwezeretsa ake Greek kapena Byzantine. likulu lake anali kukhala Constantinople ndi wolamulira - mdzukulu wa Catherine 2, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.

Pofika kumapeto kwa 70s yachilendo Politika Ekateriny 2 kumbuyo dziko la kutchuka kale lonse, zomwe Chilimbikitsidwabe pambuyo Russia anapanga mkhalapakati mu Teschen Congress pakati Prussia ndi Austria. Mu 1787, Mfumukazi ndi mfumu Polish ndi mfumu Austria, limodzi ndi ogwira ake ndi akazembe yachilendo, ulendo wautali kwa Crimea chilumba. Ichi ndi chinthu chachikulu kuonetsa mphamvu ankhondo a Russian Ufumu.

mfundo zoweta

Ambiri mwa kukonza ndi kusintha kumene kunachitika ku Russia, ngati zotsutsana ngati Catherine yekha 2. zaka za ulamuliro wake amalembedwa ukapolo pazipita wamba, komanso monga kulandidwa ngakhale ufulu kwambiri kochepa. Ndicho zinaoneka lamulo loletsa amadandaula kuti mwankhanza wa landlords. Komanso, pakati pa akuluakulu a boma zida ndi chivundi asangalala, ndipo iwo anagawira monga chitsanzo cha Mfumukazi, amene mowolowa manja ngati banja, ndi khamu lalikulu la mafani awo.

Kodi zinali

makhalidwe Catherine 2 amanenedwa naye Maulendo zawo. Komanso, olemba mbiri kafukufuku zokhazikitsidwa pa zolembedwa zambiri, kunena kuti anali zamaganizo wochenjera, woweruza wabwino wa khalidwe. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi mfundo yakuti iye anamusankha iye monga anthu wachiwiri wake yekha luso ndi yowala. Choncho, ndi lothandiza amalembedwa ndi zikamera wa gululo lonse akazembe wanzeru ndi mayiko, olemba ndakatulo ndi, ojambula ndi oimba.

Polimbana ndi atumiki Catherine 2 Kawirikawiri wanzeru, adaletsa ndi mtima. Malinga ndi iye, iye nthawi zonse amamvetsera mwatcheru mnzake, pamene wogonjetsa aliyense maganizo oganiza bwino, ndipo kenako ntchito zabwino. Pamene kwenikweni sizinachitike yosiya ntchito iliyonse phokoso, ali mmodzi wa olemekezeka satanthauza, ndiye anaphedwa. Nzosadabwitsa umatchedwa ulamuliro wa "zaka golide" wa ulemelero wa anthu otchuka Russian.

Ekaterina 2, mbiri ndi khalidwe lokhala ndi zotsutsana Komabe, ndithu pake ndi wapatali kwambiri kupambana mphamvu. Pofuna kuti iye ndi manja ake, iye anali kunyalanyaza ngakhale likuvutika kukhudzidwa zawo.

moyo

Zithunzi za Mfumukazi, wolembedwa mu zaka za unyamata wake, kuti iye anali wokongola cadidi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti nkhaniyi kuphatikizapo chikondi ambiri Catherine zosangalatsa 2. Kunena zoona, izo zikanakhoza bwino kukwatiwanso, koma mu nkhani iyi ake udindo, malo, ndipo ambiri Chofunika, mphamvu zonse, akanati pangozi.

Malinga ndi zimene ambiri amakhulupirira akatswiri a mbiri, mu moyo wake Ekaterina Velikaya anasintha pafupi twente okonda. Nthawi zambiri, iye adawapatsa iwo mphatso zambiri zosiyanasiyana zamtengo wapatali, mowolowa manja Tinkagawa ndi maulemu ndi maudindo, ndi zonse izi pofuna kuthandiza iye.

Zotsatira za Board

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti olemba mbiri yakale ali Sadadzipangire kuwunika bwino zochitika zonse za nyengo Catherine, kuyambira pamene despotism ndi maphunziro akuyenda atagwirana manja ndipo inextricably zogwirizana. Pa ulamuliro wake zinali zonse: chitukuko cha maphunziro, chikhalidwe ndi sayansi, kulimbitsa kwambiri a boma Russian m'bwalo lonse, chitukuko ubale malonda ndi mayiko ena. Koma, ngati ndi wolamulira aliyense, anali wopanda chinyengo ake a anthu, amene anakumana ndi nsautso angapo. lamuloli mkati sanathe amayambitsa chisokonezo ena otchuka, mpaka pamene mu chiwembu wamphamvu ndi m'ziwawa kutsogoleredwa ndi Emelyana Pugacheva.

Pomaliza

Mu 1860 panali ganizo: kuti kuimika chipilala cha chikumbutso Catherine 2 St. Petersburg polemekeza 100 wazaka anakhala mfumu. yomanga wake unatha zaka 11, ndipo anatsegula mu 1873 pa malo Alexandria. Ndi wotchuka chipilala cha mfumukazi ya. M'zaka za mphamvu Soviet anataika 5 misewu yake. Pambuyo 2000, tinatsegula malo angapo onse mu Russia ndi kunja: 2 - mu Ukraine ndi 1 - mu Transnistria. Komanso, mu 2010 mu Zerbst (Germany) panali fano, koma osati Mfumukazi Catherine 2, ndi Sofii Frederike Augusta, Mfumukazi ya Anhalt-Zerbst.