Mu nkhani ya kusankha chiyani? Kupambana kwa kuswana zamakono

Kusankha ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zamakono zapamwamba sayansi. Zikomo athandizapo ake analenga mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo, amene abweretsa madalitso ambiri kwa anthu. Mutu kanthu, zolinga ndi malangizo waukulu kuswana ayankhidwa mu nkhani ino.

Phunziro ndi kusankha ntchito

Mu nkhani ya kusankha chiyani? The sayansi kukonza alipo ndi osauka Mitundu latsopano nyama, mitundu zomera ndi tizilombo. nkhani zake ndi kuphunzira ndi kukhazikitsa mu mchitidwe dongosolo enieni kusanduka awo. Zomwe nkhani ano kuswana kwa zikwizikwi za mchere kwa thupi. Maziko ongolankhula a mbali iyi ndi sayansi ena - chibadwa. Amaona maonekedwe a chibadwa ndi masiyanidwe a zamoyo zonse.

Zolinga zikuluzikulu za kuswana kawetedwe mitundu waphindu kwa zomera ndi zamoyo wakhama. Komanso, asayansi kuyesera kubweretsa anthu amene ali wodzichepetsa kuti zikhalidwe za chilengedwe ndi kusintha mbali akumane kwa iwo. Yaying'ono-zamoyo ndi kuperekedwa ngati wovuta. Izi kukana kuti njira mutational ndi mlingo kugawira zothandiza maselo mabakiteriya.

njira zoyambirira za kuswana

Kodi phunziro la kusankha, ife tinazipeza. Koma popeza zamoyo zonse anaphunzira zimasiyana Chrixitu mu dongosolo ndi makhalidwe, aliyense wa iwo pali magulu osiyana a njira. Kuyambira kale, anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito mosalingalira kusankha. Kusankha ndi njira yaikulu. Pamodzi naye ntchito mwakusakaniza ndi zochita za mutagens. Pa gawo lino la chitukuko ntchito njira wachibadidwe latsopano experimental - majini ndi foni zomangamanga.

umisiri

Panopa njira kwachilengedwenso ndi machitidwe ndi sikelo mafakitale. Chifukwa analandira mitundu ya tizilombo, chikhalidwe maselo zimakhala za zomera ndi nyama kwambiri. Ndipo kupambana kwa kuswana ano umabala mankhwala achilengedwe ndi katundu anakonzeratu.

Features wa kuswana chomera

Kwambiri choyambirira mawonekedwe - kuti ndi phunziro la kusankha. Komabe, kapangidwe makamaka kwa mbewu amalola ntchito kokha njira zina kulenga zatsopano zochokera pachiyambi. Izi inbreeding, polyploidy, ndi mwakusakaniza mutagenesis. Pakati pawo tingachite bwino kunena za kwambiri makolo. Izi ndi kusankha osiyana mitundu ndi mwakusakaniza. Kubweretsa zosiyanasiyana zatsopano ndi anazindikira quality, m'pofunika kuchita opaleshoni zovuta. Yankholo mu kusankha mitundu poyamba mwakusakaniza akutsatiridwa ndi kusankha. Mu njira iyi, ndi mating ndi apulo amakambirana ndi chisanu wapatali katundu zimapezeka mitundu kaphatikizidwe wapatali katundu hybrids.

Mogwira kuswana zomera ndi njira heterosis. Kuti tichite zimenezi, bweresani wodziimira mndandanda wa mizere yoyera, kenako kuwoloka iwo wina ndi mzake. Chifukwa ndi mitundu waphindu ya zipatso ndi forage mbewu zambiri.

Chodabwitsa polyploidy ndi kuwonjezeka angapo mu topangira DNA. Poyamba, anali mu chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe atadziŵa zomera mutagens. Pa gawo lino, alimi kuchita maselo diploid alkaloid colchicine. Analandira mawonekedwe awonjezera chonde poyerekeza ndi m'mene ziriri pano. genotype A lisinthike kuti tetraploid awo.

nyama kuswana

The nyama kuswana ntchito njira yosiyana, chifukwa iwo sangathe kubereka vegetative. Asayansi ntchito kusankha makamaka munthu ndi mwakusakaniza mitundu iwiri. Pamene inbreeding anati kuwonjezeka homozygosity, imbaenda ku alibe mitundu ndi imfa ya makhalidwe ake wapatali. Popewa izi, obereketsa taphunzira wamfupi ndi outbreeding. Wapatali asayansi munthu anakwanitsa kufika ku mitanda ya anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zitsanzo za Zimenezi ndi hybrid kuswana bulu ndi kavalo - bulu, ndi ng'ombe Yak - haynak. vuto n'chakuti anthu analandira kuchokera mitanda amenewa ndi wosabala ndipo sangabereke ana chonde. Kupatulapo kwa lamulo limeneli ndi liger ndi Tigon, ndi akazi amene angathe kubereka zina.

Tizilombo, makamaka kuswana awo

Tsopano, tiyeni tione zimene nkhani ya kusankha tizilombo. Izi ndi mitundu yonse ya mabakiteriya prokaryotic, mogwirizana, zokhala ndi selo imodzi bowa ndi zomera m'munsi - algae. Ambiri a iwo ali magwero a mankhwala, zina chakudya, feteleza, ntchito kupanga vinyo, mkate ndi mkaka. Kuti apereke wapatali ndi zipatso kupsyinjika mafakitale, muyenera kudutsa magawo angapo. Choyamba anazindikira maselo khola kwambiri. Chifukwa cha wosankhidwa izi ndi kusintha chibadwa. Komanso tizilombo ta mtengo wapatali mankhwala mutagens. Pambuyo m'pofunika kudziwa maselo asonyeza kale adasandulika genotype. oyeserera anasankha zagonjetsedwa ndime mobwerezabwereza watsopano kukula sing'anga. Ndipo ta kale anasankha ali zimafalitsidwa pamlingo mafakitale.

Ziyembekezo chitukuko cha umisiri

Kupambana kwa kuswana zamakono zathandiza kuti athetse mavuto ambiri ofunika. Mwachitsanzo, kumene anachokera, waphindu mbewu zosiyanasiyana ndipo Mitundu nyama akuthandiza kupereka malo chakudya cha dziko limene makamaka ovutika.

Ntchito vermicompost ndi feteleza wa zimene chemotroph ndipo, nyongolotsi zimene inapita patsogolo kukula kwa misa mbewu. Pamene ntchito zinthu analandira obereketsa, nthaka bwino aziwapatsa asafe ndi phytohormones.

The kubalana zomera akugwiritsa ntchito minofu chikhalidwe njira, imene mukhoza kupeza chuma kubzala si matenda. Pamaziko a yaying'ono-zamoyo zisakuyenda obereketsa analenga mapuloteni chakudya watsopano umene bwino chosakanikirana ndi nyama.

Kusankha ndi mbali yofunika mafakitale zamakono mankhwala. Ndi biosynthesis anakonza mahomoni, mankhwala, ndi ma enzyme.

Choncho, nkhani kusankha njira imene mungathe kusintha zokolola za ulimi, chakudya ndi mankhwala mafakitale. Panopa, chifukwa cha zomwe a sayansi adalenga mitundu ano, Mitundu ndi yaying'ono-zamoyo, chifukwa ambiri mwa mavuto a anthu adzathere.