Siberia khwalala: history, maonekedwe, kutalika

Siberia msewu - wopita kudziko anatambasula ku European Russia kuti China mwa malire Siberia. Iwo ali maina ambiri. Pakati pawo:
- Moscow-Siberia khwalala.
- thirakiti Large.
- Moscow-Irkutinsky thirakiti.
- Waukulu Siberia positi msewu.

Mapeto a njira izi anasankha nthambi kuti Nerchinsk ndi Kyakhta. Kutalika kwa mundawo Siberia, amanenera, anali wofanana 11 chikwi. Makilomita. Izi kotala wa mtunda wa malekezero a dziko lapansi pa equator ake.

kufunika kwa kulenga

Pa nyengo mwachilungamo yaitali kulankhulana pakati pa gawo European la Russia ndi Siberia izo ikuchitika okha pa maulendo osiyana mtsinje. Iwo anali wolumikizana ndi kusowa kwa misewu.

Mu 1689, Russia ndi China anasaina Pangano la Nerchinsk, umene pakati pa maiko awiri anakhala zotheka kwa nthawi yoyamba timakhala boma. Komanso, pangano inatsegula njira zosiyanasiyana ubale malonda, chimene chinapangitsa kufunika kwa chilengedwe cha munthu zoyendera kulowera pakati limati.

Yambani ntchito yomanga

12 (22). 11. 1689 linaperekedwa lamulo lachifumu, amene analamula kuti akonzekeretse njira kulumikiza Moscow ndi Siberia. Komabe, kumanga anachedwa thirakiti. zaka forte, palibe kanthu watengedwa. Lamuloli anakhalabe pa pepala.

Pansi Peter Choyamba kuchokera Moscow ku China zikanatheka pokha pokha anapereka kudzera maulendo pamtunda, madzi ndi njira. Only mu 1725, China watumiza nthumwi, lotsogoledwa ndi Werengerani Sawa Raguzinsky Vladislavovich. Chifukwa cha zokambirana zake 1727 mgwirizano yosainidwa Bura. mgwirizano umenewu anakhazikitsa malire a posachedwa m'tsogolo kuthetsa Kahta. Panadzakhalanso lalembedwa ndi Kahtinsky anagwirizana anafotokozera za asapita malonda ndi ndale pakati pa mayiko. Ndipo potsiriza, mu 1730, Russia anayamba kumanga msewu watsopano, ndilo lotchedwa msewu Siberia. Ntchito anamalizidwa ndi pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19.

madera

Siberia msewu - msewu motalikitsa nthawi, amene zinalumikizana pamodzi ndi magawo awiri osiyana a dziko. Koma pa yemweyo pamtunda njira ku Moscow ku China wakhala yachidule, kulumikiza mbali yaikulu ya boma Russian ndi mabusa a kummawa.

Anamanga Siberia msewu umene uli pa mapu a Russia? ulusi wake limachokera ku Moscow wokha, ndiye amapita ku Moore, umadutsa Kozmodemyansk ndi Kazan, Osu ndi Perm, Kungur ndi Ekaterinburg, Tyumen ndi Tobolsk, Tara ndi Kainsk, Kolyvan ndi Yeniseisk, Irkutsk ndi Verneudinsk ndi Nerchinsk. Ndi mfundo yomaliza ya Kyakhta. Choncho, khwalala Siberia chopingasa Siberia malire a China.

Mu zaka za m'ma 20, njira dziko zasintha pang'ono. Ngati inu kutenga mapu nthawi, ndiye msewu Siberia kum'mwera kwa Tyumen. Iwo umadutsa Yalutorovsk ndi Ishim, Omsk ndi Tomsk, Achinsk ndi Krasnoyarsk. Inafotokozanso imafika ku Irkutsk ndi chikugwirizana ndi njira zakale.

Komabe, pofika cha m'ma 19. Siberia msewu - mmodzi wa misewu yaitali mu dziko - wakhala sangathe kukumana kuwonjezeka zofuna mayendedwe a boma Russian. N'chifukwa chake boma anaganiza pa pomanga Trans-Siberia Railway.

Kumangidwa kwa midzi

Kumene analenga Siberia msewu kufuna makonzedwe ena. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, mu m'litali anamanga midzi. Ndipo midzi ndi m'midzi ing'onoing'ono kuti ali pa khwalala, anali Mbali yaikulu ndipo anali mbali zonse za msewu. Mzinda pritraktovyh midzi inali pa mtunda wa makilomita limodzi kapena awiri ku likulu.

Kuti m'misewu munali zambiri nyumba yaying'ono kuika msewu yopapatiza kwambiri mbali. Chigawo chapakati cha mudzi, yomwe ili pafupi ndi mpingo, monga ulamuliro, kukodzedwa likuvutika misewu anathamanga kufanana kwa njira pamtunda.

chitukuko cha m'gawo

khwalala Siberia wakhala azikhulupirira kuti kuthetsa kale kulibe asezare malo. Boma kumanga njira yodula kulamulira yaukapolo. khwalala Siberia - ndi m'dera limene zigawo European la Russia atabwerera coachmen. Komanso, apa anathamangitsidwa wamba ukapolo, nzika amene malonda mu ngongole kulemba anthu usilikali. Ife kuthetsa m'madera awa ndi osamukawo kwawo. Iwo anachokera m'madera osiyanasiyana a Siberia ndi Russia.

Monga njira dziko ndi kuchuluka kukula kwa osamukira ku malo amenewa. Pang'onopang'ono, madera awa akhala kwambiri ankakhala mu Siberia. Anthu amene asamukira kuno, anali ndi zokoma boma. Kwa zaka ziwiri adamasulidwa maudindo onse alipo pa nthawiyo, kupatula kafukufuku wa.

Pamene njira Siberia potsiriza inamangidwa pa wamba a m'midzi ndi m'midzi ing'onoing'ono pritraktovyh boma anapatsidwa udindo zina zili kuwoloka ndiponso milatho, nkhondo ndi provozki T. D. Ntchito zotere maulendo 40 kuposa ndalama za alimi amenewa amene ankakhala m'madera Russian.

Lembani uthenga

Kuwonjezera kukhazikitsa kugwirizana ndi China, khwalala Siberia anafunika Russia kwambiri kwa cholinga chomwecho. Popanda njira imeneyi dziko kunali kosatheka kuti bungwe utumiki wothandiza positi. Ntchito yomanga msewu posachedwapa boma mogwirizana ndi ziyembekezo. Choncho, ngati mu 1724 ndi mailpieces ku Moscow kuti Tobolsk kusamutsidwa kamodzi kokha mwezi, ndiye mu 1734 - pa maziko mlungu uliwonse, ndipo patatha zaka makumi awiri - lililonse masiku atatu kapena anayi.

Ncholinga bungwe yosalala yobereka zambiri okwerera positi zinamangidwa mu msewu Siberia. Kutumiza zinthu nthawi yomweyo ikuchitika coachmen ndi anthu wamba.

njira maunyolo

Siberia msewu - ndi pamtunda njira, kumene kuwonjezera pa mndandanda wa okwerera positi iliyonse mtunda 25-40 anali magawo. Oyamba zinamangidwa mu makumi kwa zaka za m'ma 19. Malinga ndi kusintha utsogoleri, chipani anatsatira Wolakwayo ulendo wake, anawagawa 61 siteji. Kayendedwe tsiku akaidi pa msewu Siberia malamulo ndi chikalata wapadera. Icho chinali "hayala pa magawo." Iwo anali utoto malamulo zofunika ndende dongosolo, dongosolo la gulu la zipani ukapolo ndale ndi zina zotero. D.

khwalala Siberia - izi ndi pamene akaidi pambuyo pa masiku awiri kuyenda motsatira njira akhoza kumasuka m'ndende polumikizira. Iwo ntchito imeneyi ndi magawo a kanyumba, amene anali pafupifupi onse okwerera positi. Mtunda wa mailosi 25-30 masiku awiri anawoloka Amakweza ndende, monga gawo limene ndi nthawi zina ndi ngolo yonyamula katundu m'nyumba. Nthawi zina njira ya mkaidi akhoza kudwala kapena kufa. Ndiyeno thupi lake linaikidwa pa ngolo ndipo anapita njanji kuyendetsa siteji yotsatira. Iwo motero mawu anabadwa: "Popereka moyo kapena wakufa."

Pa nthawi kuchokera 1783 mpaka 1883. Siberia thirakiti njira zapita pafupifupi 1.5 Mill. Akaidi. Ena mwa iwo anali zigawenga ndale. Mwachitsanzo, mu 90s kwa zaka za m'ma 18. msewu uwu kawiri anabweretsa AN Radishchev, woyambitsa wa samizdat Russian.

njira malonda

Anamanga ku Moscow kwa thirakiti China nakhalanso osati padziko lonse komanso zoweta asapita zachuma. Kwa njira imeneyi dziko opareshoni fairs lalikulu - Makarevskaya ndi Irbit. Komanso, kuthokoza kwa njira zonse ikuchitika kuphana katundu pakati pa zigawo zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, m'chigawo cha ku Kazan anali Bai wolemera, amene anatsegula njira pafupi mafakitale awo.

Chifukwa cha khwalala Siberia kukukulirakulira zikulumikizana zachuma pakati Russia ndi China. msewu uwu kunja adaperekedwa kwa khungu ndi tsitsi, siliva, mafuta, mtedza paini ndi nsomba zina, tsekwe nyama ndi zina zambiri. Komanso anasangalala Siberia msewu Holland, England ndi France. Pa njira imeneyi, iwo anali kusamutsidwa kwa mankhwala China. Izo ziyenera kuti ngolo anatambasula pamodzi Siberia msewu mosalekeza unyolo mu chaka.

Zikamera wa zoyendera kulowera ku dziko chinathandiza chilengedwe cha mafakitale atatu zida lalikulu. Mu mndandanda awo mfuti Perm, Izhevsk Mikono ndi Kazan onga. zopangidwa ndi kusamutsidwa pamodzi njira pakati pa boma la Russia.

kum'mawa kwa njira pamtunda ili Siberia, wotchedwa "The Great Tiyi ndi." Malinga ndi izo, katundu, kupulumutsa tiyi China. Mu Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 18 mochedwa. ngakhale kampani latsopano "zamtengo wapatali ndi ana ake." Iye anali kugulitsa tiyi, choikambira kumadera onse a ufumuwo.

chikhalidwe msewu

Travel msewu wa ku Siberia kunali kovuta. Popeza kuti boma la msewu wonse osasamalika kwambiri. Kufotokozera za m'dera la kapepala kakuti Siberia zimapezeka Maulendo a ena apaulendo. Malinga iwo njira iyi malo ankawoneka ngati munda analima, sliced lengthwise grooves. Izi kwambiri mochedwa kayendedwe, choncho mtunda wa mailosi makumi awiri tingagonjetsedwe yekha kwa maola 7-8.

East Tomsk njira anadutsa mtunda mapiri, komanso anali osasamalika kwambiri. Komanso zinachititsa kuti madandaulo kuchokela ku anthu apaulendo, amene manambala mowirikiza kuwonjezeka. Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za izi, msewu pazaka zikwi makilomita wakhala njira kulankhulana odalirika ndi otsika mtengo. Poyamba, anachira zikuluzikulu zokha, kuwoloka, kudutsa mapiri ndi mitsinje, ndi nkhalango msewu wopita. Ndiye Catherine II dziko kutayidwa pamodzi thirakiti birch. Mitengo inali Chrixitu pa mtunda wa masentimita 2 mamita 84 (zinayi pabwalo), kuteteza msewu kuchokera wofuka chisanu ndi osalola apaulendo kusokera mu nyengo yoipa.

Njira lero

Moscow-Siberia njira dziko anali kufunika kwambiri dziko pafupifupi zaka theka. Komabe, pambuyo anapeza mu 1840 steamship mtsinje magalimoto, komanso unsembe mu 1890 mu zigawo izi wa njanji, ndipo ntchito yake yakhala ikuchitidwa pa sikelo zochepa. kukula zachuma Russia a chawonjezeka zofuna zoyendera za dziko. Izi zinachititsa kuti chigamulo kuyamba pomanga Trans-Siberia Railway. Akamaliza ake mu 1903 pang'onopang'ono apaulendo malonda kwapita ndi njanji latsopano.

Lero, poyamba kum'mwera nthambi yake ya njira ya ku Siberia ndi uthenga wa Kazan pafupi kwathunthu ntchito mumzinda Malmyzh ndipo kenako Perm ndi Ekaterinburg. Pankhaniyi, akale msewu Siberia pafupifupi mwathunthu anamanganso ndi lero ndi maziko a m'gulu apamwamba. Beyond njira za makono Mwachitsanzo, chigawo ku Zura Debyosy kumudzi, mmene zotsalira osiyana. Mwakhama ntchito zofunikira zawo umodzi wokha wa gawo ake. Njira iyi kuchokera Syurnoguta kuti Debyosy.

Panjira Kazan-Perm pali zina thirakiti Siberia, amene anali kunja kwa malire a motorway latsopano. chikhalidwe chawo ndi chosiyana. Ena mwa njira kale kunapangitsa bwino anakhalabe ndi ntchito kayendedwe m'deralo, pamene ena kwathunthu achoka aziyenda ndi panopa tchire.

owonetsera zakale

Mu 1991, wapadera zovuta linatsegulidwa m'mudzi Debyosy. Ndi Museum mbiri pa mundawo Siberia. cholinga chake chachikulu ndi kusunga chikumbukiro cha msewu waukulu pakati Moscow ndi China, womwe zaka 18-19. Zinali positi chachikulu, malonda ndi unyolo ndi Russia.

Museum ili mu nyumba inamangidwa mu 1911 ndi wamalonda wa munalidi gulu lachiwiri Murtaza kugula Mulyukova. Mu masiku akale anali m'chipindacho a maudindo m'munsi, izo sizinali kutali ndende siteji, pamene akaidi adamangidwa pakati pa magalimoto. Nyumba owonetsera zakale ali kukuteteza boma.

Ndodo ya zovuta ndizo ogwira ntchito khumi ndi ofufuza anayi. Iwo kuteteza ndi kuchulukitsa m'nyumbayi, amene lero likhalebe mabuku zoposa zikwi zitatu zina, zinthu ethnographic ndi zakale ena.
Padzuwa la zovuta wapadera anatsegula mu zipinda zitatu. nzika zawo:
- "Tsar a msewu."
- "Mudzi wa mundawo Siberia."
- "Forest a msonkhano."

Pa yosanja zili chionetsero monga "m'mudzi sukulu Karaduvan History" ndi "History pa mundawo Siberia." zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho amawauza za chitukuko cha ntchito yotumiza mu 1790 mpaka pano. Pa nthawi yomweyo, alendo dziŵani okha ndi coachmen zovala, ndi ntchito ophimba mabelu, oyang'anira, ndi zina zotero. D. The chidwi chachikulu cha alendo a chifukwa zovuta zikalata Pre-chosintha, lomwe ndi makalata ndi makadi m'maboma pambuyo enieni amene amajambulapo chigawo Kazan. Pakati zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho munakwanisa kuona telefoni, anapanga m'zaka za m'ma 20. Morse zida, zovala kusitolo positi ogwira ntchito nthawi 40 ntchentche ya 20., Ndipo woyamba Soviet TV.

Chigawo mbiri ya m'mudzi Karaduvan, zida ndi zipangizo zophunzirira, kuphatikizapo Koran ndi pamanja katundu wa eni wakale wa nyumba wamalonda, ndipo kotero pa D..

ndodo bungwe maulendo osati zakale, komanso mudzi Debyosy, komanso kumalire ake. The ntchito yaikulu ya lamavutoli wapadera mbiri si malonda, ndi kafukufuku ndi chikhalidwe.