Space kufufuza: danga ofufuza, asayansi, kutsegula

Space ... mawu amodzi ndi mmene chidwi zojambula limatuluka pamaso panu! Miyanda ya nyenyezi anamwazikana m'chilengedwe chonse, kutali ndipo panthawi yomweyo wamphamvu pafupi ndi wokondedwa Milky Way, magulu Big ndi Little wonyika, ndi mwamtendere ili kutali lalikulu ... mndandanda zambiri. M'nkhaniyi tiona kuyang'ana pa mbiriyakale ya kufufuza malo, ndi zina zosangalatsa.

Space kafukufuku akale: mwamsanga pamene ndinayang'ana pa nyenyezi?

Mu mpaka kutali kale, anthu sanathe kuonera mapulaneti ndi comets mwa telesikopu "Hubble" mtundu. The zida yekha kuti amasirira kukongola kwa thambo ndi kufufuza malo maso awo. Kumene, kanthu koma dzuwa, mwezi ndi nyenyezi, anthu "telesikopu" sanathe kuona (kupatulapo nyenyezi mu 1812). Choncho, anthu ongoganizira chabe mmene kwenikweni yang'anani izi chikasu ndi woyera balloons mu mlengalenga. Koma ngakhale ndiye, anthu a padziko lonse ankasiyana chisamaliro mofulumira anaona kuti mabwalo awiri kusuntha kudutsa kumitambo, ndipo anazimiririka kumbuyo kutali, watsopano kupezeka. Ndipo iwo anapeza kuti nyenyezi zonse ndi khalidwe limeneli: ena a iwo ali amodzi ndi zina atasintha ake pa njira yodutsamo zovuta. Choncho anayamba kufufuza zazikulu za m'mlengalenga ndi zobisika izo.

bwino kwambiri m'munda zimenezi Agiriki akale. Ndi iwo amene woyamba anatulukira kuti dziko ndi lozungulira. maganizo awo pa malo Earth wachibale kwa dzuwa zidzasankhidwa: Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti dziko chimazungulira thupi lakumwamba, ndipo ena ankakhulupirira kuti mwake (panali kumbali ya dongosolo geocentric a dziko). Mwa kugwirizana Agiriki akale sanabwere. ntchito ndi malo awo onse kafukufuku anagwidwa pa pepala ndipo chokongoletsedwa mu ndemanga lotchedwa "Almagest". Mlembi wake ndi kompayila wa chachikulu katswiri wakale Ptolemy.

The Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi chiwonongeko cha mfundo wakale wa danga

Nikolay Kopernik - amene sanamve wa dzina ili? Zinali iye amene m'zaka 15 anawononga chiphunzitso olakwika dongosolo geocentric a dziko ndipo anaika patsogolo, awo heliocentric, amene amanena kuti dziko ndilo limazungulira dzuwa, osati mosemphanitsa. Medieval kusaka ndi mpingo, mwatsoka, kodi si doze. amakonda kulankhula yomweyo ananena achikunja, ndi otsatira a chiphunzitso Copernican kuzunzidwa. Imodzi mwa mbali yake, Giordano Bruno anatenthedwa pamtengo. dzina lake anatsala kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo timakumbutsidwa wasayansi wamkulu ndiponso kuyamikira.

The chidwi kukula mu malo

Zotsatirazi zochitika izi, chidwi cha asayansi zakuthambo ali yekha itakula. Space kufufuza anakhala zambiri zosangalatsa. Tangoyamba chabe za m'ma 17, panali ameja latsopano anapeza ndi ofufuza Kepler anapeza kuti kanjira amene mapulaneti umakhudza dzuwa chonse, monga mmene ankaganizira poyamba, ndipo elliptical. Kudzera chochitika mu sayansi wasintha kwambiri. Makamaka, Isaak Nyuton anapeza zimango ndipo anali wokhoza kufotokoza malamulo ndi zomwe matupi kusuntha.

Kupezeka kwa mapulaneti latsopano

Pakali pano, tikudziwa kuti mapulaneti onse mu dongosolo la zowalitsa asanu ndi atatu. Mpaka 2006, chiwerengero chawo chinali wofanana nayini, koma pambuyo atsopano ndi kuchoka kutentha ndi dziko kuwala - Pluto - amachotsedwa chiwerengero cha matupi makina thupi wathu wakumwamba. Izi zinachitika chifukwa cha kukula kwake kakang'ono - m'dera la Russia yekha ndiye kale kuposa Pluto lonse. Iye anapatsidwa udindo wa dziko nyenyezi yaing'ono.

Mpaka m'ma 17, anthu ankakhulupirira kuti mapulaneti onse mu dongosolo la zowalitsa asanu. Telesikopu analibe kulibe, kotero iwo adzaweruzidwa yekha pa matupi awo m'mwamba kuti akhoza kuona ndi maso awo. Beyond Saturn ndi mphete yake ayezi, asayansi sanathe kuona. Mwina, ife akanakhalabe adasokera ngati izo sizinali Galileo Galiley. Zinali iye amene anapanga makinawa ndipo anathandiza asayansi kuti kuphunzira mapulaneti ena ndi kuwona zinthu zakuthambo wa System Dzuwa. Ndiyamika zakutali ndi anadziwa kuti kuli mapiri ndi zimaphala pa Moon, miyezi ya Jupiter, Saturn ndi Mars. Komanso mofanana Galileo sunspots ankagwidwa. Science Osangopereka akupangidwa Anauluka patsogolo ndi leaps ndi malire. Ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri, asayansi ankadziwa zokwanira kumanga woyamba m'mlengalenga ndi kupita kukagonjetsa thambo nyenyezi.

Kodi ali ndi nzeru za chilengedwe mu nyengo ya Soviet

Asayansi Soviet athera kufufuza malo ndithu ndipo mwakwaniritsa bwino kwambiri kuphunzira zakuthambo ndi chitukuko cha shipbuilding. Komabe, kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma 20 wakhala zaka zoposa 50 pamaso pa malo Kanema woyamba kugonjetsa kukula kwa mlengalenga. Izi zinachitika mu 1957. chipangizo unayambitsidwa mu Soviet Union ku Baikonur Cosmodrome. The makina oyamba si kuthamangitsa zotsatira mkulu - cholinga chawo chinali kulalikira kwa mwezi. The chipangizo choyamba kwa kufufuza malo okhalapo padziko mwezi mu 1959. Ndipo m'nthawi ya 20 kuti linatsegulidwa Institute Research Space, kumene kwambiri ntchito za sayansi ndi kutulukira zinthu.

Atangobadwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa makina wakhala wamba, koma ntchito imodzi yokha ndegeyi dziko inatha bwinobwino. Izi ndi "Apollo" ntchito, imene kangapo, malinga ndi Baibulo boma Achimereka ankafika pa mwezi anapangidwa.

Lonse "danga mtundu"

1961 anakhala losaiwalika m'mbiri ya astronautics. Koma ngakhale kale, mu 1960, danga agalu awiri anafika, nicknames zomwe dziko lonse amadziwa: Belka ndi Strelka. Pakubwerera ku malo sanamuvulaze, otchuka ndi kukhala weniweni otchuka.

Ndipo pa April 12 chaka chamawa kukasambira chilengedwe anapita Yuri Gagarin - munthu woyamba amene amadzinenera kusiya Earth mkati mwa "Vostok-1".

The United States sanafune kupereka njira kwa Championship wa USSR mu malo mtundu, kotero ife ankafuna kutumiza mwamuna wake mu mlengalenga pamaso Gagarin. The United States anataya mu Launch Kanema: Russia sanathe kuyamba makina miyezi inayi America. Mu zingalowe m'malo mwa ofufuza malo zafikapo malo monga Valentina Tereshkova ndi Alexei Leonov. Last anachita woyamba spacewalk dziko, ndi kupindula kwambiri kwa United States mu chitukuko cha chilengedwe yekha kuchotsa wokayenda pamwezi mu ndege yozungulira.

Koma ngakhale zomwe yofunika kwambiri USSR mu "danga mtundu", America anali musaphonye. Ndipo July 16, 1969 pa spacecraft "Apollo 11", umene onyamula agonjetsi malo wopangidwa mwa akatswiri asanu, unayambitsidwa pamwamba Moon ali. Patapita masiku asanu, munthu woyamba phazi pamwamba pa Kanema Dziko Lapansi. dzina lake anali Neil Armstrong.

Chigonjetso kapena kugonja?

Amene akadali ankapambana kwa mwezi? Funso ili palibe yankho lenileni. Ndi Soviet Union, ndi United States anasonyeza mbali yabwino: iwo modernized ndi bwino zikayenda luso mu shipbuilding akunja, anapanga zinthu zambiri zimene latsopano ndi zitsanzo yaulele ya padziko mwezi kuti anatumizidwa ku Institute of Space Research. Chifukwa cha iwo, chinapezeka kuti Kanema Dzikoli lili ndi mchenga ndi miyala, komanso kuti pa mwezi palibe mpweya. Neil Armstrong kuda patatha zaka zoposa makumi anayi zapitazo padziko mwezi, ndipo tsopano ili kumeneko. Iwo amangowerenga kanthu kufufuta: yathu akapanda mpweya, palibe mphepo kapena madzi. Ndipo ngati inu kupita ku mwezi, ndi n'zotheka kusiya lemba lake mbiri - onse lenileni ndiponso mophiphiritsa.

Pomaliza

Mbiri ya anthu olemera ndi yaikulu, kumaphatikizapo zambiri atulukira chachikulu, nkhondo, chigonjetso chopambana ndi zomvetsa choopsa. Kukula kwa malo ndi zakuthambo ndi zamakono danga kafukufuku anagwira ndi ufulu si malo otsiriza mu masamba a mbiriyakale. Koma zonsezi sakanakhala ngati osati cha anthu olimba mtima ndi odzipereka ngati Herman Titov, Nikolay Kopernik, Yuri Gagarin, Sergei Korolev, Galileo Galilei, Giordano Bruno, ndi enanso ambiri. amuna onse aakulu awa ankasiyana nzeru kwambiri, anakamba luso kuphunzira sayansi ndi masamu, khalidwe lamphamvu ndi chifuniro chitsulo. Tili kuphunzira kuchokera kwa iwo, tingaphunzire kuchokera asayansi awa kwambiri zinachitikira ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi makhalidwe. Ngati anthu udzayesa kukhala monga iwo, ambiri kuwerenga, kuphunzitsa, bwino kusukulu ndi yunivesite, tingakhulupirire kuti tili pali zambiri atulukira kwambiri ndi danga kwambiri posachedwapa ankafufuza. Ndipo, mu mawu a nyimbo wina wotchuka pa njira fumbi la mapulaneti kutali kukhala mayendedwe athu.