Ndi maziko a zamoyo chiyani? Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya phata la

Mu yonse yochepetsetsa moyo kumafunika zochita amuzolengedwa ndi njira. Nazo, komanso zonse zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti muyenera dongosolo lapadera. ndi maziko a zamoyo chiyani? Kulola kuti bwino kuthana ndi ntchito imeneyi?

Kodi maziko a zamoyo. tanthauzo

Pachimake - kapangidwe kofunika maselo iliyonse thupi. Kodi pachimake? Mu zamoyo, ndi chofunika kwambiri chamoyo chilichonse. Ngale angapezeke mogwirizana unicellular, ndi mwadongosolo oimira dziko eukaryotic. Ntchito yaikulu ya nyumba imeneyi - yosungiramo ndi kufala kwa uthengawu ku maselo, zimene zimangokhalapo ndi zopezeka.

Pambuyo umuna wa linagwira ndi umuna kumachitika maphatikizidwe wa mtima awiri haploid. Pambuyo pophatikizana a gametes zygote aumbike, pachimake pa zomwe kale diploid ya DNA. Izi zikutanthauza kuti karyotype (uthengawu ku maselo a phata la) kale lili magazini a majini ndi mai ndi Bambo.

Diploid phata alipo pafupifupi maselo eukaryotic. phata Haploid ndi gametes osati mamembala ambiri a pa zamoyo losavuta. Izi zina zokhala ndi selo imodzi majeremusi, algae, unicellular ufulu moyo mitundu. Dziwani kuti kwambiri oimira awa ndi phata haploid yekha pa siteji ena a mayendedwe amoyo.

zikuchokera phata

Kodi pachimake mbali? Biology mosamala kuphunzira zikuchokera chipangizo nyukiliya, ndiye. Kwa. Iwo akhoza kutsogolera chitukuko cha chibadwa kuswana ndi zamoyo.

Pachimake - izo dvumembrannaya dongosolo. nembanemba ndi nthambi ya ku reticulum endoplasmic, chimene chili chofunika kwa zoyendera zinthu ku maselo anapanga. Nkhani za phata lotchedwa nucleoplasm.

Chromatin - waukulu mankhwala nucleoplasm. Zikuchokera chromatin zosiyanasiyana: pali kwenikweni zidulo mkati (DNA ndi RNA), komanso mapulotini ayoni ambiri zitsulo. DNA imapezeka nucleoplasm analamula mu khromozomu a. Iwo DNA pa magawano kawiri, kenako aliyense kukukhala a masiwichi maselo mwana.

RNA mu nucleoplasm ndi ambiri mitundu iwiri ya mRNA ndi rRNA. Mtumiki RNA opangidwa pa galamafoniyo - kuwerenga mfundo DNA. A ribonucleic asidi molekyulu kenako masamba phata ndipo kenako akutumikira monga Chinsinsi mapangidwe mapuloteni latsopano.

Ribosomal RNA aumbike mwa nyumba wakupambulika dzinache nucleoli. nucleolus alembedwera ku mbali mapeto a DNA, popangidwa ndi kaduka sekondale. nyumba imeneyi Tingaone mu maso kuwala ngati osajambulidwa pa maziko wothinikizidwa. Ribosomal RNA amene apanga kuno kulowa cytoplasm ndi mapuloteni zambiri kupanga pamodzi ndi ribosome lapansi.

zimakhudza mwachindunji pa ntchito ya kupereka phata. Biology monga sayansi kuphunzira katundu wa chromatin kumvetsa za ndondomeko ya galamafoniyo ndi kugawikana selo.

ngale ntchito. njira Tizilombo mu phata la

Ntchito Choyamba ndi chofunikira cha phata ndi kusungiramo ndi kufala kwa uthengawu ku maselo. Pachimake - dongosolo lapadera selo, mwachitsanzo lili mbali yaikulu imene imachititsa munthu ... Karyotype kungakhale haploid, diploid, triploid, ndi zina zotero. Ploidy njoka zimadalira ntchito ya foni: gametes haploid ndi somatic maselo diploid. Maselo a angiosperms endosperm triploid, ndipo potsiriza, mitundu yambiri ya kulima ndi polyploid ya DNA.

Kulanda mudziwe majini mu cytoplasm ku phata la zidzachitika mapangidwe mRNA. Mu ndondomeko ya galamafoniyo kwa majini a karyotype ndi kuwerenga, ndipo kenako apanga mamolekyulu masanjidwewo kapena mtumiki RNA.

Chibadwa kumaonekeranso mwa kugawa selo mitosis, meiosis kapena amitosis. Pa mayesero onsewa, ngale amachita ntchito yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, mu prophase la chipolopolo mitosis pakati anawonongedwa ndi DNA kwambiri kompaktizirovannye kugwera cytoplasm lapansi. Komabe meiosis patsogolo kulephera akupezeka phata Kakhungu kusinthanitsidwa DNA. Ndipo amitosis pakati n'kugwa palimodzi, ndi kuvumbitsira chopereka yaing'ono kwa ndondomeko fission.

Komanso, pakati kungotchula nawo mayendedwe zinthu maselo chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa imakhala ndi XPS. Ndicho chimene pachimake pa zamoyo.

fomu pachimake

Pachimake, matabwa ake ndi ntchito amadalira pa mawonekedwe nembanemba lapansi. wagawo nyukiliya kukhala chonse, elongated, mu mawonekedwe a vanes ndi zina zotero. D. zambiri phata mawonekedwe yeniyeni zimakhala munthu ndi maselo. zamoyo tating'ono amasiyana mtundu wa chakudya, mayendedwe amoyo, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ali osiyana ndi kupanga mtima Kakhungu.

The zosiyanasiyana mu mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa phata Tingaone chitsanzo cha leukocytes.

• neutrophil phata akhoza segmented ndipo sanali segmented. Mbali yoyamba tilankhula za phata horseshoe woboola pakati, ndi mawonekedwe ndi khalidwe la maselo wamng'ono. The segmented pachimake - chifukwa cha mapangidwe partitions angapo mu nembanemba, chifukwa mu zidutswa zingapo olumikizidwa pamodzi.
• Pa maziko a eosinophils ali mawonekedwe khalidwe la dumbbell a. Pankhaniyi, pachimake wagawo wapangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri kugwirizana kugawa.
• Pafupifupi buku lonse wotanganidwa ndi lymphocytes yaikulu pakati. Only mbali yaing'ono ya cytoplasm akhala pa periphery ya chipindacho.
• Maselo glandular tizilombo pakati mwina ndi dongosolo nthambi.

chiwerengero cha mtima m'chipinda chimodzi angakhale osiyana

Osati nthawi zonse mu khungu la thupi pali pakati chimodzi chokha. Nthawi zina m'pofunika pamaso pa zipangizo awiri kapena kuposa nyukiliya kugwira ntchito angapo nthawi imodzi. Tikawonetsetsa ena maselo akhoza kwathunthu popanda pakati. Nazi zitsanzo maselo zachilendo imene mtima wa kuposa wina kapena palibe kwathunthu.

1. maselo ofiira a m'magazi ndi maselo othandiza magazi kuundana. maselo magazi awa ali kusamutsidwa hemoglobin ndi fibrinogen, motero. Kuti khungu limodzi akhoza muli pazipita kuchuluka kwa zinthu, izo wataya pakati pake penipeni. Yodziwika ndi mbali chotero, si onse a dziko nyama: achule m'magazi ndi erythrocytes yaikulu kukula ndi pachimake amphamvu. Izi zikusonyeza kalasi wosazindikira poyerekeza ndi taxa patsogolo kwambiri.

2. hepatocytes chiwindi. Maselo amenewa muli mitima iwiri. Mmodzi wa iwo nthawi magazi kutsukidwa wa poizoni, ndi ina udindo mapangidwe heme, zomwe kenako adzakhala gawo la hemoglobin.

3. Myocytes striated minofu chigoba. Multicore ena a minofu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo mwachangu akudutsa ATP kaphatikizidwe ndi kusokonezeka, komanso khamu la mapuloteni.

chipangizo makamaka nyukiliya mu losavuta

Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani mitundu iwiri ya mogwirizana: amoebae ndi ciliates.

1. ciliates slipper. Izi nthumwi unicellular chamoyo lili ndi mtima ziwiri: vegetative ndi zobereka. T. Kuti. Iwo amasiyana mbali ndi kukula, mbali iyi akutchedwa dualism nyukiliya.

Vegetative phata ndi udindo ntchito tsiku ma. Ndi nthawi ndondomeko ya kagayidwe ake. Zobereka phata kumafuna Gulu selo ndi conjugation - ndondomeko kugonana muli kuuzana nkhani majini ndi anthu a mitundu chomwecho.

2. Amoebas. Bright oimira - kamwazi ndi matumbo amoeba. Woyamba zikugwirizanirana ndi majeremusi aukali anthu, ndipo chachiwiri - alipidwa symbiont, yemwe amakhala ku matumbo ndipo sayambitsa vuto lililonse. T. K. Kamwazi amoeba tiziromboti m'matumbo kwambiri, m'pofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu iwiri pamodzi. Chifukwa chaichi, nyukiliya zida Mbali: pa ameba dysenteric kungakhale kwa 4 mtima, ndi amoeba matumbo 0 8.

matenda

Matenda ambiri majini imakhudzana ndi chisokonezo kuika DNA. Nawu mndandanda wa kuvutika olemekezeka mu majini pakati wagawo:

• syndrome pansi ndi;
• siddrom Patau;
• Edwards syndrome ;
• syndrome Klinefelter ndi;
• Turner ndi matenda.

Mndandanda kumapitirirabe aliyense wa matenda yodziwika ndi awiri ndondomeko chiwerengero DNA. Komanso matenda zambiri zimakhudza kugonana DNA X ndi Y.

Pomaliza

Phata amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu ndondomeko ya ntchito foni. Ndi nthawi njira amuzolengedwa, ndi zapamwamba za uthengawu ku maselo. Transport zinthu ku maselo, kaphatikizidwe Mapuloteni unakambidwanso mogwirizana ndi kugwira ntchito kwa kapangidwe chapakati selo. Ndicho chimene pachimake pa zamoyo.