Amene anapeza mafunde mu atomu? Mu atomu mafunde - tebulo. Mitundu ya mafunde mu atomu

mafunde mu atomu (Table amene adzapatsidwa pansipa) kuimira chisokonezo za m'minda maginito ndi magetsi amafalitsidwa m'malere. Iwo muli mitundu yambiri. Kuphunzira chisokonezo izi chinkhoswe mu sayansi. mafunde mu atomu amayambira chifukwa chakuti magetsi alternating maginito amapanga, ndipo kuchita zimenezi amapanga magetsi.

kafukufuku History

Chiphunzitso choyamba, chimene tinganene kuti mitundu wamkulu mafunde mu atomu ya malingaliro, ndi osachepera m'nthawi ya Huygens. Panthawiyo, nkhambakamwa anafika chitukuko quantified. Huygens mu 1678, chaka opangidwa ngati "ndondomeko" chiphunzitso - "Treatise pa dziko". Mu 1690 iyenso lofalitsidwa ntchito ina yabwino. Atanena chiphunzitso Mkhalidwe wa kusinkhasinkha, refraction mu mawonekedwe umene uli lero akuimira mu mabuku sukulu ( "mu atomu mafunde", kalasi 9).

Pamodzi ndi uwu wakhala anakonza mfundo Huygens. Ndi kunakhala kotheka kuphunzira zoyenda za kutsogolo yoweyula. Mfundo imeneyi anadzapeza chitukuko mu ntchito za Fresnel. Huygens-Fresnel mfundo anali ndi tanthauzo lapadera mchiphunzitso cha mapindidwe akuwala ndi chiphunzitso funde la kuwala.

Mu zaka 1660-1670 wa ndalama zopereka experimental ndi ongolankhula anapangidwa phunziro Hooke ndi Newton. Amene anapeza mafunde mu atomu? Amene zatsopano inkachitikira kutsimikizira moyo wawo? ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafunde mu atomu chiyani? Pa lino.

kulungamitsidwa Maxwell

Pamaso tikukamba za amene anapeza mafunde atomu, ziyenera kuti wasayansi woyamba amene ankaneneratu moyo wawo onse, wakhala Faraday. kungoganizira wake adaika patsogolo mu 1832, chaka. chiphunzitso yomanga kenako chinkhoswe mu Maxwell. Ndi 1865, chaka chinayi kuti wamaliza ntchitoyo. Chifukwa, Maxwell mosamalitsa formalized chiphunzitso masamu, kulungamitsa kuli zachilengedwe pansi kulingalira. Iye wakhalanso anatsimikiza mathamangidwe wa kafalitsidwe mafunde atomu, lifanane ndi phindu Kenako amagwiritsa ntchito kuwala liwiro. Zimenezi, zinamupatsa kutsimikizira za amanena kuti kuyatsa ndi mtundu cheza ankaona.

kudziwika experimental

chiphunzitso Maxwell anali anatsimikizira mu zatsopano za hedzi mu 1888. Kuyenera ananena kuti sayansi German imachitika zatsopano wake potsutsa chiphunzitso, ngakhale maziko ake masamu. Komabe, zikomo ku mayesero ake hedzi anali woyamba amene anapeza mafunde mu atomu kuchita. Komanso, mu njira ya mayesero awo, asayansi anapeza katundu ndi makhalidwe cheza.

Bakuman mu atomu hedzi analandira chifukwa malemeredwe zimachitika angapo mofulumira ikuyenda mu vibrator njira gwero mkulu voteji. mafunde mkulu pafupipafupi angathe kuonedwa ndi dera la. The oscillation pafupipafupi pa womwewo udzakhala apamwamba, ndi apamwamba a capacitance ndi inductance. Koma izi pafupipafupi mkulu sizitanthauza mkulu otaya. Kuchita zinthu zatsopano awo, hedzi ntchito chipangizo mwachilungamo wophweka, lomwe limatchulidwa - "dipole mlongoti". chipangizo ndi oscillation dera la mtundu lotseguka.

Galimoto zinachitikira hedzi

Register cheza zinachitikadi pogwiritsa ntchito vibrator kulandira. chipangizo uyu anali kapangidwe mofanana ndi chipangizo emitting. Mothandizidwa mu atomu yoweyula magetsi alternating munda malemeredwe kusinthasintha panopa zinachitika mu chipangizo kulandiridwa. Ngati chipangizo izi pafupipafupi zachilengedwe ndi pafupipafupi lifanane kamwazi, ndi kumveka pamaonekedwe. Chifukwa, chosokoneza zinachitika mu phwando zida ndi matalikidwe wamkulu. Kafukufuku ndikupeza iwo, kuonera nsakali pakati ochititsa mu kusiyana yaing'ono.

Choncho, hedzi anali woyamba amene anapeza mafunde atomu, anatsimikizira luso lawo umalemekeza ochititsa lapansi. Iwo anali pafupi wolungama mapangidwe kuwala ubwenzi. Komanso, hedzi anatsimikiza mathamangidwe wa kafalitsidwe mafunde mu atomu mu mlengalenga.

Kuphunzira makhalidwe a

mafunde mu atomu kufalitsa pafupifupi mapangidwe. Danga, wodzala ndi chinthu cheza zikhoza kukhala anagawira bwino. Koma iwo pang'ono kusintha khalidwe lawo.

mafunde mu atomu mu vacuo anatsimikiza popanda attenuation. Iwo anagawira mtunda uliwonse amangosankha lalikulu. Makhalidwe akuluakulu monga mafunde kugawanika, pafupipafupi ndi kutalika. Kufotokozera za katundu ikuchitika mu chimango cha electrodynamics. Komabe, makhalidwe cheza cha m'madera a sipekitiramu akuchitanso kutchula malo a sayansi. Tikhoza Mwachitsanzo, mwina monga Optics.

Kuphunzira mwakhama mu atomu cheza wamfupi-yoweyula kawalidwe mapeto ukuchita gawo ndi zopatsa mphamvu. Popeza mphamvu ya malingaliro amakono ikutha kukhala kudziletsa ndipo pamodzi ndi ankachita ofooka chiphunzitso cha umodzi.

Chiphunzitso ntchito kuphunzira katundu

Today pali njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe mawerengeredwe ndi kuphunzira katundu wa kusonyezedwa ndi Phokoso. Ofunika kwambiri chiphunzitso chotsimikiziridwa ndi wamphumphu wa electrodynamics kwadzidzidzi imatengedwa. Therefrom ndi mmodzi kapena simplifications ena imatheka kupeza njira zotsatirazi, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Kufotokozera za cheza otsika-pafupipafupi ku malo macroscopic ikuchitika mwa electrodynamics zachikhalidwe. Bukuli lili maikwezhoni Maxwell a. Mu ntchito, pali ntchito wosalira zambiri. Tikamaphunzira Optics kuwala ntchito. Chiphunzitso yoweyula umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi imene mbali zina za dongosolo kuwala kwa kukula pafupi timaganiza za. Kwadzidzidzi Optics ntchito pamene yokulirapo njira kubalalika ali, mayamwidwe photons.

Zojambula kuwala chiphunzitso - ndi kuchepetsa vuto limene timaganiza za kunyalanyaza kuloledwa. Palinso zigawo zingapo Akutsatira ndi ofunika. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, monga astrophysics, zamoyo ya masomphenya ndi photosynthesis, photochemistry. Kodi wachinsinsi mafunde mu atomu? Tebulo limasonyeza bwino kufalitsidwa kwa gulu chili m'munsimu.

Gawo

Pali pafupipafupi ranges mafunde mu atomu. Pakati pawo, palibe kusintha mwadzidzidzi, nthawizina iwo alipo. Malire pakati pa iwo ndi m'malo wachibale. Chifukwa chakuti otaya ndi anagawira mosalekeza, pafupipafupi ndi sankalimbana nafe kugwirizana ndi kutalika. Amwazisambo ranges mafunde mu atomu.

Ultrashort kuwala akhoza kugawidwa micrometer (boma-millimeter), millimeter, centimeter, decimeter, mita. Ngati oti timaganiza za cheza mu atomu n'komwe mita, ndiye ake otchedwa oscillation wa pafupipafupi wapamwamba mkulu (SHF).

Mitundu ya mafunde mu atomu

Pamwamba, Mitandadza mafunde mu atomu. ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utuluke chiyani? Gulu la ionizing cheza monga Popanga madzi a gamma ndi X-ray. Izo ziyenera kuti akhoza ionize maatomu ndi kuwala ndipo ngakhale zooneka kuwala. The masamba amene ali Popanga madzi a gamma ndi X-ray kamwazi wofotokozedwa pa makonzedwe kwambiri. Monga kuloza ambiri analandira malire 20 EV - 0,1 MeV. Popanga madzi a gamma-umayenda m'njira yopapatiza panamveka ndi phata, X - e-atomiki chipolopolo pa ejection ku ukuzungulira otsika a m'mbali mwa ma elekitironi. Komabe, gulu ili siligwira ntchito kwa cheza molimba kwaiye popanda mtima ndipo maatomu.

X-ray kamwazi kwaiye pamene decelerating particles kudya mlandu (mapulotoni, ma elekitironi, ndi ena) choncho zomwe zimachitika mkati zipolopolo atomiki elekitironi. Popanga madzi a gamma oscillations zimachitika chifukwa cha njira mu mtima atomiki ndi kutembenuka kwa particles pulayimale.

mitsinje wailesi

Chifukwa cha mfundo yaikulu ya zotalika zochita mafunde awa akhoza kuchitidwa popanda kutenga nkhani kapangidwe atomistic a sing'anga. Monga zosiyana kutumikira yekha mitsinje yochepa kuti ali pafupi ndi dera infuraredi. Mu katundu wailesi kwadzidzidzi oscillations zimachitika ofooka kwambiri. Komabe, iwo ayenera kuganizira Mwachitsanzo, pamene kupenda mfundo maselo a nthawi ndi pafupipafupi pa zida kuzirala kwa kutentha ndi madigiri ochepa Kelvin.

katundu kwadzidzidzi atengedwa mu Nkhani za oscillators ndi amplifiers mu millimeter ndi centimeter ranges. Radio kagawo aumbike pa kayendedwe ka AC ochititsa yoyenera pafupipafupi. kudutsa mafunde mu atomu danga A amanditenga ndi alternating panopa, logwirizana ndi izo. Mundawu ntchito kamangidwe ka tinyanga mu wailesi.

utuluke looneka

Ultraviolet ndi cheza infuraredi kumaoneka m'njira waukulu mawu otchedwa kuwala kawalidwe dera. Unikani malowa chifukwa osati moyandikana pamadera ziwalo, koma ofanana ndi zipangizo ntchito mu phunziroli ndipo anayamba makamaka kuphunzira kuwala kuwoneka. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka pa kalirole ndi magalasi kwa moganizira cheza cha, mapindidwe akuwala gratings, prisms, ndi ena.

Pafupipafupi mafunde kuwala mofanana ndi wa mamolekyulu ndi maatomu, ndi kutalika - ndi kutalika intermolecular ndi miyeso maselo. Choncho n'kofunika m'munda umenewu ndi zochitika zimene zimapangidwa ndi kapangidwe atomiki wa thunthu. Pachifukwa chomwechi, kuyatsa ndi funde ndipo ali ndi katundu kwadzidzidzi.

Zikamera wa utuluke kuwala

Gwero wotchuka ndi dzuwa. Star padziko (photosphere) ali kutentha 6000 ° Kelvin, ndipo zimatulutsa kuwala woyera. Mtengo wapatali kwambiri wa sipekitiramu mosalekeza ili mu zone "wobiriwira" - 550 nm. Palinso pazipita zithunzi tilinazo. Kusinthasintha mu uthunthu kuwala zimachitika matupi pamene mkangano. utuluke infuraredi Chotero umatchedwanso kutentha.

Mphamvu za magetsi thupi chikuchitika, ndi apamwamba pafupipafupi kumene sipekitiramu ndi pazipita. incandescence anamuona kutentha ena liukitsidwa (chowala mu osiyanasiyana kuonekera). Pamene koyamba wofiira, kenako chikasu ndipo kenako. Kukhazikitsidwa ndi kulembetsa akulowera kuwala angayambe zochita kwachilengedwenso ndi mankhwala, mmodzi amene ntchito chithunzi. Zolengedwa ambiri okhala padziko lapansi monga gwero mphamvu amachita photosynthesis. Izi zimachitika kwachilengedwenso chimachitika zomera mchikakamizo cha kuwala cheza dzuwa.

Features mafunde mu atomu

The katundu sing'anga ndi gwero bwanji makhalidwe otaya. Choncho wokwera, makamaka, nthawi kudalira a kuthengo, n'chakuti mtundu otaya. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mtunda kuchokera vibrator ndi (kuwonjezeka) ndi utali wozungulira kupindika n'chachikulu. Chifukwa ndi ndege mu atomu yoweyula. Mogwirizana ndi zinthu zikuchitika monga mosiyana. Mayamwidwe ndi umuna njira fluxes n'zotheka kutchulidwa ntchito chakale electrodynamic magawanidwe. Pakuti mafunde a osiyanasiyana kuwala ndi zambiri zovuta-ray ayenera kumwedwa nkhani chikhalidwe chawo kwadzidzidzi.

magwero mitsinje

Ngakhale kusiyana thupi, kulikonse - mu chinthu nyukiliya, ndi TV chopatsilira, babu - mafunde mu atomu ali wokonda milandu magetsi yomwe kusuntha ndi mathamangitsidwe. Pali mitundu iwiri chachikulu cha magwero: tosaoneka ndi macroscopic. Woyamba amapezeka mwadzidzidzi kusintha particles mlandu kwa wina mlingo wina mwa mamolekyulu kapena maatomu.

magwero tosaoneka zimatulutsa X-ray, Popanga madzi a gamma, ultraviolet, infuraredi, zooneka, ndi zina, kuleza yoweyula cheza. Monga chitsanzo cha yamasika haidrojeni kawalidwe mzere womwe ndi funde la masentimita 21. Chodabwitsa Zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri pa wailesi zakuthambo.

Magwero macroscopic mtundu kuimira emitters imene ufulu ma elekitironi ochititsa anapangidwa synchronous nthawi oscillation. M'magulu a gulu amayambira utuluke kuchokera millimeter kwa motalikitsa (mu mizere mphamvu).

Kapangidwe ndi mphamvu ya utuluke

An mlandu magetsi zimayenda mathamangitsidwe ndi kusintha nthawi mafunde bwanji wina ndi mnzake ndi mphamvu inayake. ukulu wawo ndi malangizo amadalira zinthu monga kukula ndi kasinthidwe wa kumunda, limene lili ndi mafundewo ndi milandu, ukulu wawo ndi malangizo wachibale. Zayamba kufooketsedwa ndi makhalidwe magetsi ndi sing'anga makamaka komanso kusintha woyang'anira ndende ndi kufalitsa mafunde gwero.

Chifukwa zovuta ndi mawu vuto chonse kuti atchule lamulo la mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a chilinganizo limodzi sindingakhoze. Kapangidwe A kutchedwa munda mu atomu ndipo ankaona ngati kuli kofunika ndi chinthu masamu, anatsimikiza mtima kufalitsa milandu ndi mafunde. Izo, nawonso, amalenga gwero kuperekedwa, kutenga zinthu chifukwa malire. Terms kumatanthauza mabacteria mawonekedwe mogwirizana ndi makhalidwe a zinthu. Ngati ikuchitika pa malo ndi chosefukira zinthu izi lowonjezera. Monga chikhalidwe wapadera ena Zikatero ndi chikhalidwe cha kutentha. Chifukwa izo chosakayikitsa "olondola" khalidwe la munda ku malire.

Mibadwo ya phunziroli

Corpuscular-kayendedwe chiphunzitso Lomonosov ena a maudindo awo kuyembekeza mfundo zina za mu atomu chiphunzitso munda .. "Lobe" (rotational) zoyenda wa particles, "zyblyuschayasya" (yoweyula) chiphunzitso cha kuwala, mgonero wake ndi chikhalidwe cha magetsi, etc. utuluke infuraredi anali wapezeka mu 1800 ndi Herschel (British wasayansi), ndiponso yotsatira, 1801 m, Ritter amanenedwa ultraviolet. Cheza wamfupi kusiyana ultraviolet, osiyanasiyana linatsegulidwa Roentgen mu 1895, chaka, pa November 8. Kenako, anadziwika monga X-ray.

Mphamvu ya mafunde mu atomu wakhala kuphunzira ndi asayansi ambiri. Komabe, woyamba kufufuza mwayi mitsinje, kuchuluka kwawo wakhala Narkevitch-Iodko (Chibelarusi sayansi chithunzi). Anaphunzira katundu wa utuluke poyerekezera ndi ntchito zachipatala. cheza Popanga madzi a gamma anatulukira ndi Paulo Villard mu 1900. Mu nthawi yomweyo Planck maphunziro ongolankhula ya katundu wa thupi wakuda. Pa phunzirolo iwo anali otseguka kwadzidzidzi ndondomeko. ntchito yake inali chiyambi cha chitukuko cha kwadzidzidzi sayansi. Kenako, Planck zingapo ndi Einstein linasindikizidwa. kafukufuku wawo zinachititsa kuti pakhale wa chinthu choterocho monga fotoni a. Zimenezi, chinali chiyambi cha chilengedwe cha chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi akulowera mu atomu. chitukuko anapitiriza ntchito za ŵa kanjedza sayansi zaka mazana makumi awiri.

mudziwe zambiri ndi ntchito pa chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi cheza mu atomu ndi anzake ake ndi nkhani kwachititsa kenako mapangidwe electrodynamics kwadzidzidzi mu mawonekedwe umene ulipo masiku ano. Pakati pa asayansi kwambiri amene ankaphunzira nkhani imeneyi, tiyenera kutchula, kuwonjezera pa Einstein ndi Planck, Bohr, Bose, Dirac, de Broglie, Heisenberg, Tomonaga, Schwinger, Feynman.

Pomaliza

Phindu mu dziko amakono a sayansi ndi mokwanira lalikulu. Pafupifupi zonse kuti ntchito lero mu moyo wa munthu, anaonekera chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa asayansi aakulu. Kupezeka kwa mafunde mu atomu ndi kuphunzira awo, makamaka zinachititsa kuti chitukuko cha lamya ochiritsira ndipo kenako m'manja, transmitters wailesi. Yapadera kufunika othandiza kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ngati ongolankhula m'munda wa mankhwala, mafakitale ndi luso.

Ichi ndi chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri sayansi kachulukidwe. Zimene zonse thupi zochokera muyeso, kufanana kwa katundu wa chododometsa akuphunziridwa ndi mfundo alipo. Ndi cholinga ichi mwa mwambo anayamba zida zovuta chingwe ndi mayunitsi. Pantchito angapo Sizachilendo machitidwe onse alipo zakuthupi. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a kusamala mphamvu amaonedwa malamulo wamba thupi.

Science wonse amatchedwa Nthawi zambiri ofunika. Ichi ndi chifukwa makamaka chakuti amalanga ena kupereka mafotokozedwe zimene pamapeto, kumvera malamulo a sayansi. Choncho, Chemistry anaphunzira maatomu, chinthu zichokera kwa iwo, ndipo kusinthika. Koma mankhwala katundu wa thupi, anatsimikiza ndi maonekedwe mamolekyulu ndi maatomu. katundu izi kufotokoza zigawo ngati a sayansi, monga magetsi, yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi ena.