Organic nkhani makhalidwe awo ndi gulu

zinthu Organic - awa ndi mankhwala omwe wapangidwa maatomu mpweya. Komabe mu magawo oyambirira a chitukuko zimapangidwira, zinthu zonse anagawidwa m'magulu awiri: mchere ndi organic. Nthawi imeneyo ankaganiza kuti lithe organic muyenera kukhala n'kale lonse "mphamvu ya moyo" zimene zimapezeka wamoyo machitidwe kwachilengedwenso. Choncho kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala organic kwa mchere zosatheka. Izo zinali kokha m'zaka za m'ma 19, F. Weller anatsutsa maganizo alipo ndipo apanga urea ku cyanate ammonium, ndiye, analandira nkhani organic kwa mchere ndi. Ndiye asayansi ambiri apanga chloroform, aniline, asidi nthochi ndipo ambiri mankhwala ena mankhwala.

zinthu Organic ndi maziko a kuli kanthu wamoyo, ndi chakudya chodalirika kwa anthu ndi nyama. Kwambiri mankhwala organic ndi zipangizo za mafakitale zosiyanasiyana - chakudya, mankhwala, kuwala, mankhwala etc.

Pakali pano, pali oposa 30. A zosiyanasiyana organic mankhwala. Choncho, zinthu organic Iwo akuyimira kalasi yaikulu ya mankhwala. A zosiyanasiyana mankhwala organic kugwirizana ndi wapadera katundu ndi dongosolo Carbo. Carbo maatomu pafupi zinalumikizana pamodzi ndi (awiri, patatu) nsinga limodzi kapena angapo.

Organic zinthu. Zimapangidwira.

mankhwala Organic yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa covalent C-C nsinga, ndi kumalo ozizira covalent nsinga C-N, C-O, C -Hal, C- zitsulo, etc. Zimene zikuchitika yokhudza zinthu organic ndi mbali zina poyerekeza ndi mchere wa. Mu zochita za mankhwala zochita kupanga zambiri ayoni nawo. Nthawi zambiri zochita izi ndi zolimba kwambiri, nthawi zina nthawi yomweyo pa kutentha akadakwanitsira. Mu zochita ndi organic zinthu mamolekyulu ambiri nawo. Izo ziyenera kuti mu nkhani iyi ena nsinga covalent osweka ndi zina Motero anapanga. Childs, motero chitani zambiri pang'onopang'ono, ndi mathamangitsidwe awo n'kofunika kuonjezera kutentha kapena ntchito chothandizira (asidi kapena m'munsi).

Monga momwe zinthu organic m'chilengedwe? Ambiri mankhwala organic mu mwachibadwa apanga mu ndondomeko ya dzuwa ku mpweya woipa komanso madzi wotchedwa chlorophyll wobiriwira zomera.

Makalasi a mankhwala organic.

Gulu la mankhwala organic zochokera A. Butlerov chiphunzitso. Gawo lino ndi lofunika sayansi nomenclature limene limathandiza kuitana mankhwala organic, zochokera alipo structural chilinganizo. Gawo zachokera mbali ziwiri zikuluzikulu - mpweya chigoba dongosolo, chiwerengero ndi mayikidwe a magulu zinchito mu molekyulu ndi.

Mpweya mafupa - ndi m'khola zosiyanasiyana zosiyanasiyana mankhwala a mamolekyulu mwa mankhwala organic. Malinga matabwa ake, zinthu zonse organic anawagawa m'magulu.

Ndi mankhwala acyclic monga zinthu ndi molunjika kapena nthambi mpweya unyolo. Ndi mankhwala carbocyclic monga zinthu ndi m'zinthu, iwo anawagawa subgroups awiri - alicyclic ndi zonunkhira. Heterocyclic mankhwala - zinthu mamolekyulu amene zingwe zopota popangidwa ndi maatomu ndi carbonyl maatomu a zinthu zina mankhwala (oxygen, Nayitrogeni, Sulfa) heteroatoms m'Baibulo.

Komanso, zinthu organic anawagawira ndi kukhalapo kwa magulu zinchito zomwe zili mbali ya maselo a. Mwachitsanzo, makalasi hydrocarbon (kupatulapo - mu mamolekyulu awo ndi magulu zinchito), phenols, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, esters, zidulo carboxylic, etc. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti gulu lirilonse zinchito (COOH, o, NH2, SH, NH, NO) ndiyo katundu physicochemical pawiri lapansi.